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biology med 103 > topic 5A > Flashcards

topic 5A Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

techniques used for scientific study of cells

A
  1. microscopy
  2. cell fractionation
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2
Q

two types of microscopes

A
  1. light microscopes
  2. electron microscopes
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3
Q

light microscope

A
  • uses visible light to pass through a specimen
  • uses lenses in magnification of cellular structures
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4
Q

electron microscope

A

focuses a beam of electrons through a specimen (TEM) or onto its surface (SEM)

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5
Q

factors that affect image quality

A
  • magnification
  • resolution
  • contrast
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6
Q

what are the different techniques of light microscopes

A
  1. brightfield (unstained)
  2. brightfield (stained)
  3. phase-contrast
  4. differential-inference-contrast
  5. fluorescence
  6. confocal (3D)
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7
Q

brightfield (unstained specimen) microscopy

A

passes light directly though specimen

(has little contrast unless cell is naturally pigmented)

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8
Q

brightfield (stained specimen) microscopy

A

staining with various dyes enhances contrast

(most staining procedures require cells to be fixed)

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9
Q

phase-contrast microscopy

A

enhances contrast in unstained cells by amplifying variations in density within the specimen

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10
Q

differential-interference-contrast microscopy

A

similar to phase-contrast, it uses optical modifications to exaggerate differences in density, making the image appear almost 3D

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11
Q

fluorescence microscopy

A

shows the locations of specific molecules in the cell by tagging the molecules with fluorescent dyes

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12
Q

how do fluorescent dyes work in fluorescence microscopy

A

they absorb UV radiation and emit visible light

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13
Q

confocal microscopy

A
  • uses lasers for “optical sectioning” of fluoroscently-stained specimens
  • only a single plane of focus is illuminated, the rest subtracted
  • a sharp image results
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14
Q

best technique to examine living unpigmented cells (dividing cells)

A

phase-contrast technique

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15
Q

which microscopy technique enables the reconstruction of 3D structures from obtained images

A

confocal microscopy

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16
Q

LMs can magnify samples about ____ the size of the actual specimen

A

1000x

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17
Q

LM resolution

A

200 nm

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18
Q

microscope that can detect viruses, macromolecules, etc

A

electron microscope

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19
Q

microscope that cannot detect subcellular structures (ex: organelles)

A

light microscope

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20
Q

two types of electron microscopes

A
  1. transmission electron microscope
  2. scanning electron microscope
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21
Q

TEM

A

-focus a beam of electrons THROUGH a specimen

  • used mainly to study the internal structure of cells
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22
Q

SEM

A
  • focus a beam of electrons ONTO THE SURFACE of a specimen
  • used to study the surface of the specimen
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23
Q

difference between differential and density gradient centrifugation

A

differential - separation based on size only

density gradient - separation based on density (size and shape)

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24
Q

the first cells that appeared were

A

prokaryotic

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25
Q

all cells have several basic features in common

A
  • bounded by a plasma membrane
  • contain a cytosol
  • contain chromosomes
  • have ribosomes
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26
Q

prokaryotic vs eukaryotic cells

A
  • prokaryotes do not contain a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
  • eukaryotic cells are bigger
  • prokaryotes have their DNA in the nucleoid
  • eukaryotes have organelles that compartmentalize
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27
Q

a typical prokaryotic cell contains

A
  • nucleoid
  • ribosomes
  • plasma membrane
  • cell wall
  • pili
  • capsule
  • flagella
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28
Q

pili

A

attachment structures found on the surface of some prokaryotes

29
Q

nucleoid

A

region where the cell’s DNA is located in a prokaryote (not enclosed by a membrane)

30
Q

capsule

A

jelly-like outer coating of many prokaryotes

31
Q

flagella

A

locomotion organelles of some bacteria

32
Q

cytoplasm

A

the region between the plasma membrane and nucleus

33
Q

cytosol

A

intracellular fluid component of cytoplasm

34
Q

cytoplasm vs cytosol

A

the cytoplasm includes all subcellular components except the nucleus

the cytosol excludes organelles, and contains ribosomes, proteasomes, and cytoskeletal filaments

35
Q

animal vs plant cells

A

plant cells - chloroplasts, cell walls, plasmodesmata, central vacuoles (instead of lysosomes)

animal cells - lysosomes, centrosomes, flagella

36
Q

plasma membrane

A

a selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste in and out of the cell

37
Q

each chromosome is made of a complex of proteins and DNA

A

chromatin

38
Q

chromatin condenses to form

A

distinct chromosomes

39
Q

_____ and _____ take place in the nucleus

A
  1. DNA replication
  2. transcription
40
Q

translation takes place in the

A

cytoplasm

41
Q

central dogma of transfer of genetic information

A
  1. DNA is transcribed to mRNA in the nucleus
  2. mRNA exits the nucleus and moves the the cytoplasm
  3. mRNA attached to ribosomes and is translated into proteins
41
Q

nucleolus

A

where rRNA is synthesized

42
Q

nuclear envelope

A
  • encloses the nucleus, separating its contents from the cytoplasm
  • has nuclear pores
43
Q

nuclear pores

A

regulate the entry and exit of molecules from the nucleus

44
Q

ribosomes

A
  • made of rRNA
  • consist of a small & large subunit
  • used in protein synthesis
45
Q

2 central locations of ribosomes

A
  1. free ribosomes - in the cytosol (synthesize cytosolic proteins)
  2. bound ribosomes - bound to rough ER (synthesize secreted/membrane-bound proteins)
46
Q

the endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • network or membranous sacs
  • inside space is called the lumen
  • composed of 2 regions: smooth and rough ER
47
Q

smooth vs rough ER

A

smooth ER lacks ribosomes while rough ER contains bound ribosomes

48
Q

smooth ER functions

A
  • synthesizes lipids
  • metabolizes carbohydrates
  • stores calcium
  • detoxifies poisons
49
Q

rough ER functions

A
  • protein synthesis
  • some post-translational modifications
  • protein targeting (sorting)
50
Q

golgi apparatus

A
  • flatter membranous sacs (cisternae)
  • receives many of the transport vesicles produced by the rough EE
51
Q

cis face and trans face of the golgi apparatus

A

cis face - receiving side
trans face - shipping side

52
Q

golgi apparatus functions

A
  • protein and macromolecule processing
  • macromolecule sorting/targeting
  • manufacture of polysaccharides
53
Q

lysosomes

A

membranous vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes

54
Q

lysosomal enzymes function only at the acidic environment of the lysosome of

A

pH 4

55
Q

lysosomal functions

A
  1. phagocytosis
  2. autphagy
56
Q

phagocytosis

A
  • intracellular digestion carried out by lysosomes (fusing with food vacuole)
  • used by some protists to digest food
57
Q

autophagy

A
  • destruction of damaged organelles
  • recycling of cell’s organic material
58
Q

vacuole

A
  • large membrane-bounded vesicle in plants
  • plant and fungal cells have one or more vacuoles (instead of lysosomes)
59
Q

vacuole functions

A

digestion, storage, waste disposal, water balance, cell growth/protection

60
Q

types of vacuoles

A
  1. food vacuole (phagosomes) - formed by phagocytosis
  2. contractile vacuole - pump excess water out the cell
  3. central vacuole - (in plants) reserves water and organic compounds, stores ions or poisons (for defense)
61
Q

endomembrane system components

A
  • nuclear membrane
  • endoplasmic reticulum
  • golgi apparatus
  • lysosomes/vacuole
  • plasma membrane
62
Q

organelles not part of the endomembrane system

A

mitochondria and chloroplasts

63
Q

what makes mitochondria and chloroplasts excluded from the endomembrane system?

A
  • have double membrane
  • contain their own DNA (circular)
  • their proteins are made by their own free ribosomes (in mitochondrial matrix and chloroplast stroma)
64
Q

plastids

A

plant organelles
1. chloroplasts - contain chlorophyll & site for photosynthesis

  1. chromoplasts - contain other pigments (carotenoids)
  2. amyloplasts - contain starch granules
65
Q

peroxisomes

A

specialized membrane-bound METABOLIC compartments

66
Q

peroxisome functions

A
  • produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and convert it to H2O
  • detoxification (ex: liver peroxisomes detoxify alcohol)
  • fatty acid breakdown
67
Q

proteasomes

A

giant protein complexes that bind to protein molecules and degrade them

68
Q

short-lived cytosolic proteins and non-functional proteins attach to _____ then targeted to proteasomes for degradation

A

ubiquitin

biology med 103 (13 decks)

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