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biology med 103 > topic 4 > Flashcards

topic 4 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

macromolecules

A

large molecules with complex structures

composed of covalently bonded atoms

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2
Q

4 classes of biological macromolecules

A
  • carbohydrates
  • lipids
  • proteins
  • nucleic acids
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3
Q

3 of 4 classes of organic molecules are polymers

A
  • carbohydrates
  • proteins
  • nucleic acids
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4
Q

subunit of carbohydrates

A

monosaccharides

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5
Q

subunit of proteins

A

amino acids

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6
Q

subunit of lipids

A

fatty acids

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7
Q

subunit of nucleic acids

A

nucleotides

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8
Q

dehydration reaction

A

2 monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule

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9
Q

enzymes

A

macromolecules that speed up chemical processes

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10
Q

carbohydrates

A

carbo- (carbon)
hydro- (water)

multiples of the unit (CH2O)n

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11
Q

examples of pentoses

A

ribose, deoxyribose (n=5)

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12
Q

examples of hexoses

A

glucose, fructose (n=6)

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13
Q

monosaccharides

A

the simplest carbohydrates (single sugars)

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14
Q

polysaccharides

A

carbohydrate polymers made of many sugar building blocks

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15
Q

examples of monosaccharides

A

glucose, fructose

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16
Q

examples of disaccharides

A

maltose, sucrose, lactose

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17
Q

oligosaccharides

A

composed of 20-30 monosaccharides

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18
Q

examples of polysaccharides

A

starch, glycogen, cellulose

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19
Q

monosaccharides are classified by two things

A
  • location of the carbonyl group (aldose or ketose)
  • the number of carbons in the carbon skeleton
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20
Q

an aldose sugar

A

when the carbonyl group (C=O) is at the end

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21
Q

a ketose sugar

A

when the carbonyl group is not at the end

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22
Q

structure of monosaccharides

A

may be linear but in aqueous solutions many sugars form rings

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23
Q

covalent bond between two monosaccharides

A

glycosidic linkage

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24
Q

maltose is composed of

A

glucose + glucose

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25
Q

lactose is composed of

A

glucose+ galactose

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26
Q

sucrose is composed of

A

glucose + fructose

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27
Q

storage polysaccharides

A
  • polymers consisting entirely of glucose monomers
  • starch and glycogen
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28
Q

starch

A
  • major storage polysaccharide in plants
  • is stored as granules within chloroplasts and amyloplasts
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29
Q

glycogen

A
  • storage polysaccharide in animals
  • stored in mainly liver and muscle cells
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30
Q

structural polysaccharides

A

chitin and cellulose

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31
Q

cellulose

A
  • major component of plant cell wall
  • an unbranched β-glucose polymer
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32
Q

what does cellulose have that is different than starch?

A

different glycosidic linkages

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33
Q

starch has _____ linkage while cellulose has _____ linkage

A

α-linkage, β-linkage

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34
Q

how can herbivores (such as cows) digest cellulose while humans can’t?

A

herbivores have microbes in their stomachs that can break down cellulose

35
Q

chitin

A

structural polysaccharide found in the exoskeleton of arthropods and fungal cell walls

36
Q

lipids

A
  • the one class of biological molecules that do not consist of polymers
  • hydrophobic (have no affinity for water)
37
Q

biologically important lipids

A
  • fats
  • phospholipids
  • steroids
38
Q

triglycerides

A
  • storage form of fat
  • glycerol + 3 fatty acids
39
Q

fatty acid structure

A

R - COOH

R - long hydrocarbon chain (16-18 carbons)

40
Q

saturated fatty acids

A
  • have no double bonds
  • max number of hydrogen atoms
  • saturated fats are solid at room temp
41
Q

unsaturated fatty acids

A
  • 1 or more double bonds
  • mostly found in plants and fish
  • liquid at room temp
42
Q

reduce LDL-bound “bad” cholesterol levels

A

unsaturated fats

43
Q

increase LDL-bound “bad” cholesterol levels

A

saturated fats

44
Q

major function of fats

A

energy storage

45
Q

have 1 or 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group instead of a 3rd fatty acid

A

phospholipids

46
Q

2 types of phospholipids

A
  • phosphoglycerides
  • phosphosphingolipids
47
Q

phosphoglycerides

A

glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate + organic molecule

48
Q

phosphosphingolipids

A

sphingosine + 1 fatty acid + phosphate + organic molecule

49
Q

function of phospholipids

A

important component of biological membranes

50
Q

common membrane phospholipids

A
  • phosphatidyl-choline
  • phosphatidyl-ethanolamine
  • phosphatidyl-serine
  • phosphatidyl-inositol
  • sphingomyelin
51
Q

amphipathic molecules

A

consist of a hydrophilic “head” and a hydrophobic “tail”

52
Q

steroids

A

lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of 4 fused rings

53
Q

a steroid found in animal cell membranes

A

cholesterol

54
Q

examples of steroid hormones

A

androgens and estrogens

55
Q

function of cholesterol

A

circulates in blood bound to lipoproteins

(LDL - low density lipoproteins)
(HDL - high density lipoproteins)

56
Q

HDL-bound cholesterol
(good cholesterol)

A

protein > cholesterol

travels fast into bloodstream and targeted-deposited directly into the liver

57
Q

LDL-bound cholesterol
(bad cholesterol)

A

cholesterol > protein

travels slows into blood stream and leaves bits and pieces around (plaque)

58
Q

protein functions

A
  • structural support
  • storage
  • transport
  • cellular communication
  • movement
59
Q

types of proteins

A
  • enzymatic proteins
  • storage proteins
  • structural proteins
  • transport proteins
  • hormonal proteins
  • receptor proteins
  • contractile/motor proteins
  • defensive proteins
60
Q

polypeptide

A

polymer of amino acids

61
Q

3 types of amino acids

A

polar, nonpolar, electrically charged

62
Q

nonpolar proteins

A
  1. glycine (gly)
  2. alanine (ala)
  3. valine (val)
  4. leucine (leu)
  5. isoleucine (ile)
  6. methionine (met)
  7. phenylalanine (phe)
  8. tryptophan (trp)
  9. proline (pro)
63
Q

polar proteins

A
  1. serine (ser)
  2. threonine (thr)
  3. cysteine (cys)
  4. tryosine (tyr)
  5. asparagine (asn)
  6. glutamin (gln)
64
Q

electrically charged proteins

A

acidic:
1. aspartic acid (asp)
2. glutamic acid (glu)

basic:
1. lysine (lys)
2. arginine (arg)
3. histidine (his)

65
Q

amino acids are linked by covalent bonds known as

A

peptide bonds

66
Q

a protein’s _____ determines its function

A

structure

67
Q

primary structure of proteins

A

the unique sequence of amino acids of a protein

68
Q

secondary structure of a protein

A

coils and folds in the polypeptide chain (α-helices and β-pleated sheets)

69
Q

tertiary structure of a protein

A

the 3d structure (shape) of a protein determined by its R group interactions

70
Q

quaternary structure of a protein

A

results when a protein consists of multiple polypeptide chains

71
Q

types of R-group interactions in a tertiary structure

A
  • disulphide bonds
  • hydrogen bonds
  • van der waals interactions
  • electrostatic interactions (ionic)
  • hydrophobic interactions
72
Q

chaperones

A

proteins that assist and maintain the proper folding of other proteins

located in the cytosol, mitochondria, chloroplasts, ER

73
Q

example of a disease caused by a simple change in primary structure of a protein

A

sickle-cell disease

74
Q

amino acid substitution that causes sickle-cell disease

A

glu –> val mutation

(glutamic acid –> valine)

75
Q

hemoglobin

A

a globular protein consisting of 4 polypeptides (2 alpha and 2 beta chains)

76
Q

denaturation

A

the loss of a protein’s native conformation due to unravelling
–> loss of function

77
Q

protein denaturation factors

A
  • pH changes
  • temperature changes
  • salt concentration changes
  • environmental factors
78
Q

nucleic acids

A

store and transmit hereditary information

79
Q

2 types of nucleic acids

A
  • deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
  • ribonucleic acid (RNA)
80
Q

protein synthesis site

A

ribosomes

81
Q

polymers of nucleic acids

A

polynucleotides

82
Q

nucleotide composition

A

nitrogenous base + pentose sugar + phosphate group

83
Q

covalent bond that connects nucleotides

A

phosphodiester bond

84
Q

phosphodiester bond

A

the –OH group on the 3’ carbon of one nucleotide is linked to the phosphate on the 5’ carbon on the next nucleotide

biology med 103 (13 decks)

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