Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

biology med 103 > topic 10 (part 1) > Flashcards

topic 10 (part 1) Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

7list the stages of the cell cycle

A
  1. G1 phase
  2. S phase
  3. G2 phase
  4. M phase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

the cell cycle consists of _____ and _____?

A

interphase and mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is G0 phase also known as?

A

quiescent phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what occurs during G0 phase?

A

non-dividing cells enter this phase and rest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

cells exit G1 and enter G0 in order to _____

A

differentiate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

differentiated cells enter from G0 to G1 after the action of _____?

A

growth factors (mytogens)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are 3 types of cells differentiated according to their cell division potential?

A
  • post-mitotic cells
  • cells that divide upon appropriate stimulation (signals)
  • cells with high mitotic activity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are post-mitotic cells?

A

terminally differentiated cells which have lost their ability to replicate (permanently arrested at G0)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is an example of a post-mitotic cell?

A

neural cells, RBCs, cardiac muscle cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is an example of cells that divide upon appropriate stimulation (signals)

A

lymphocytes upon antigenic presentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is an example of cells with high mitotic activity?

A

germ cells, stem cells, epithelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what occurs during G1 phase? how long does it last?

A
  • preparation for DNA replication
  • protein synthesis/organelle production
  • 5-6 hrs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what occurs during S phase? how long does it last?

A
  • DNA synthesis
  • 10-12 hrs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what occurs during G2 phase? how long does it last?

A
  • preparation for mitosis
  • (same as G1)
  • 4-6 hrs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are the 2 types of cells?

A
  • somatic (diploid cells)
  • gametes (haploid)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are homologous chromosomes?

A

chromosomes that carry the same genes at the same positions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what occurs during interphase?

A
  • chromosomes are not condensed

G1 - each chromosomes consists of one chromatid (not yet replicated)

S - DNA is replicated

G2 - each duplicated chromosome has 2 sister chromatids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the difference between sister chromatids and homologous chromosomes?

A

sister chromatids - are genetically identical and used in cell division

homologous chromosomes - composed of two different chromosomes that are not genetically identical despite containing the same sets of genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what occurs during mitosis (cell division)?

A
  • the chromosomes condense
  • sister chromatids separate (each future daughter cell receives one chromatid)
20
Q

the mitotic phase (M phase) consists of _____ and _____

A
  • mitosis (division of the nucleus)
  • cytokinesis (division of the cytoplasm)
21
Q

mitosis consists of 5 phases

A
  • prophase
  • prometaphase
  • metaphase
  • anaphase
  • telophase
22
Q

prophase

A
  1. chromatin condenses into distinct chromosomes
  2. nucleoli disappear/nuclear membrane degrades
  3. mitotic spindle begins forming (composed of centrosomes & microtubules)
23
Q

prometaphase

A
  1. fragments of the nuclear envelope are seen
  2. microtubules extending from each centrosome can invade the nuclear area and bind to the chromosomes
24
Q

metaphase

A
  1. chromosomes become aligned at the metaphase plate
  2. centrosomes are now at opposite poles
25
Q

anaphase

A
  1. each sister chromatid of a chromosome moves towards opposite poles
  2. by the end, the two poles of the cell have equivalent collections of chromosomes (chromatids)
26
Q

telophase

A
  1. nucleoli reappear/nuclear envelope reforms
  2. chromosomes decondense
  3. two daughter nuclei form
  4. mitosis is complete
27
Q

cytokinesis

A

occurs in animal cells by a process called cleavage, where a cleavage furrow forms, and cells are completely separated

28
Q

mitotic spindle begins to form by

A

polymerization of mictrotubules

29
Q

microtubule polymerization starts from

A

the centrosome

30
Q

kinetochores

A

protein structures found at the centromere of each chromosome

31
Q

_____ attach to the kinetochores of the chromatids to move chromosomes towards the metaphase plate

A

mitotic spindle microtubules

32
Q

kinetochores are also the attachment point for

A

motor proteins

33
Q

3 types of mitotic spindle microtubules

A
  1. astral microtubules
  2. kinetochore microtubules (or chromosomal)
  3. polar microtubules
34
Q

astral microtubules

A
  • radial (star-like) structure around the centrosome
  • helps in positioning of the spindle in the cell
35
Q

kinetochore microtubules

A
  • join the centrosome with the kinetochores of the chromosomes
  • helps in chromosomal movement
36
Q

polar microtubules

A
  • start from the centrosome but do not attach to the chromosomes
  • interact with other polar microtubules projecting from the other pole
  • help maintain the integrity of the spindle
37
Q

nuclear lamin

A

intermediate filaments present in the nuclear lamina

38
Q

nuclear lamin phosphorylation

A

nuclear envelope degradation and packaging into vesicles

39
Q

begins upon degradation of nuclear envelope

A

prometaphase

40
Q

in prometaphase chromosomes move towards the cell center (metaphase plate) by

A

polymerization/depolymerization of kinetochore microtubules

41
Q

if chromosomes are not aligned correctly in metaphase

A

cell cycle arrest signal is activated

42
Q

endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus are degraded and packaged into vesicles during _____ and reformed during _____

A

prophase, telophase

43
Q

prokaryotes reproduce by

A

binary fission

44
Q

compared to eukaryotic cell cycle, binary fission is

A

much faster and more simple (1-3 hrs)

45
Q

binary fission being much quicker is important to

A

allow rapid evolution of bacteria

46
Q

multiple fission

A

some unicellular eukaryotes exhibit types of cell division intermediate between mitosis and binary fission that is usually followed by multiple cytokinesis

biology med 103 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions