topic 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 2 types of cells in humans?

A

somatic cells and gametes

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2
Q

what are somatic cells?

A
  • 2 sets of of 23 chromosomes (46 chromosomes)
  • diploid cells (2n)
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3
Q

what are gametes?

A
  • one set of chromosomes (23 total)
  • haploid cells (n)
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4
Q

what is a karyotype?

A

an ordered display of the pairs of chromosomes from a cell

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5
Q

role of meiosis in sexual reproduction

A

meiosis produces gametes (sperm + egg) that then undergo fertilization to produce a zygote, that undergoes mitosis to form somatic cells

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6
Q

the 2 chromosomes in each pair are called

A

homologous chromosomes

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7
Q

homologous chromosomes carry the same _____ but not the same ______

A

genes, alleles of those genes

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8
Q

locus

A

the location of a particular gene on a chromosome

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9
Q

an individual has _____ at each gene locus

A

two alleles

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10
Q

after DNA replication, each replicated chromosome consists of

A

2 identical sister chromatids

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11
Q

gonads

A

sex organs (testes and ovaries)

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12
Q

in animal sexual life cycles, gametes are

A
  1. the only haploid cells
  2. the only cell type produced by meiosis
  3. undergo no further cell division before fertilization
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13
Q

difference between animals and other organisms in sexual life cycles?

A

in animals: only diploid cells can divide by mitosis

in other organisms: both haploid and diploid cells can divide by mitosis

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14
Q

in ALL organisms, only _____ cells can undergo meiosis

A

diploid

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15
Q

meiosis is preceded by

A

the replication of chromosomes
(DNA replication during S phase)

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16
Q

meiosis I is known as

A

reductional division

17
Q

meiosis II is known as

A

equational division

18
Q

pairing and separation of homologous chromosomes

A

meiosis I

19
Q

sister chromatids separate

A

meiosis II

20
Q

sister chromatids

A
  • genetically identical
  • joined at the centromere
21
Q

meiosis I occurs in 4 phases

A
  • prophase I
  • metaphase I
  • anaphase I
  • telophase I and cytokinesis
22
Q

prophase I

A
  • 90% time of meiosis
  • chromosomes condense
  • synapsis (tetrad formation)
  • crossing over
23
Q

synapsis

A

each pair of chromosomes forms a tetrad (group of 4 chromatids)

24
Q

chiasmata

A

X-shaped regions where crossing over occurs

25
Q

crossing over (genetic recombination)

A

exchange of DNA segments between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes

26
Q

synaptonemal complex

A

a meiosis-specific multiprotein complex that forms between homologous chromosomes during prophase of meiosis I

27
Q

metaphase I

A
  • tetrads line up at the metaphase plate, each homologous chromosome facing each pole
  • microtubules from one pole are attached to the kinetochore of one chromosome of each tetrad
28
Q

anaphase I

A
  • homologous chromosome pairs separate
  • sister chromatids remain attached at the centromere and move as one unit toward the pole
29
Q

telophase I / cytokinesis

A
  • each cell still consists of 2 sister chromatids, and has a haploid set of chromosomes
  • in animals: cleavage furrow forms
  • in plants: a cell plate forms
30
Q

similar to mitosis

A

meiosis II

31
Q

mitosis _____ the number of chromosome sets, while meiosis _____ the number of chromosome sets

A

conserves, reduces

32
Q

3 events unique to meiosis

A
  1. synapsis and crossing over
  2. metaphase I - alignment of tetrads instead of individual replicated chromosomes
  3. anaphase I - separation of homologous chromosomes instead of sister chromatids
33
Q

4 mechanisms contribute to genetic variation

A
  1. genetic recombination (crossing over)
  2. independent assortment of chromosomes
  3. random fertilization
  4. mutations
34
Q

how many possible combinations are possible due to independent assortment

A

2^23 = 8 million gametes

35
Q

crossing over produces

A

recombinant chromosomes

36
Q

mutations

A

changes in an organism’s DNA, create different versions of genes