topic 10 (part 2) Flashcards

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1
Q

cancer

A

an abnormal growth of cells with tend to proliferate in an uncontrolled way and in some cases metastasize (spread)

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2
Q

malignancy

A

the tumor property to invade nearby tissues and spread (metastasize) to other body parts

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3
Q

carcinogenesis

A

activation of oncogenes and inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes

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4
Q

stages of carcinogenesis

A
  1. loss of a tumor-suppressor gene
  2. small benign growth (polyp)
  3. activation of an oncogene
  4. loss of another tumor-suppressor gene
  5. larger benign growth (adenoma)
  6. loss of tumor-suppressor gene p53
  7. malignant tumor
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5
Q

cell cycle checkpoints

A
  • control the transition from one phase of the cell cycle to the next
  • ensure that certain processes have been completed (ex: DNA replication) before another phase starts
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6
Q

3 important checkpoints

A

G1 checkpoint
G2 checkpoint
M checkpoint

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7
Q

G1 checkpoint

A
  • checks for the presence of growth factors?
  • cell size is large enough to divide?
  • controls transition from G1 to S phase
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8
Q

G2 checkpoint

A
  • checks if there is any DNA damage?
  • controls transition from G2 to M phase
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9
Q

M checkpoint

A

controls the transition through the stages of mitosis

  • correct chromosome alignment in the mitotic spindle during metaphase?
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10
Q

if DNA damage is detected at G1 and G2 checkpoints

A

cell cycle arrest

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11
Q

if cells are unable to repair damage, this leads to

A

apoptosis

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12
Q

most important checkpoint

A

G1 checkpoint

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13
Q

cell cycle control is maintained by protein complexes which are composed of 2 subunits

A
  1. cyclin (cyc) - the regulatory unit
  2. cyclin dependent kinase (cdk) - the catalytic subunit
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14
Q

kinases

A

enzymes that inactivate/activate other protein by phosphorylation

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15
Q

concentration fluctuates in the cell

A

cyclins

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16
Q

the active form of cdks (cyc-cdk) can?

A

phosphorylate various proteins and can lead to protein activation/inactivation

17
Q

the activity of cdks is regulated by

A

degradation of cyclins by the proteasome

18
Q

proteasome

A

giant protein complexes that bind to protein molecules (such as cyclins) and degrade them (proteolysis)

19
Q

why is tight regulation of cdks very important?

A

loss of cell cycle control can lead to unregulated cell proliferation (carcinogenesis)

20
Q

binding of cdks to different cyclins causes

A

phosphorylation of different substrates

21
Q

the signal that sends cells into mitosis was named

A

MPF (mitosis promoting factor)

22
Q

MPF

A
  • first cdk to be discovered
  • consists of a mitotic cyclin (A or B) and cdk-1
  • induces the progression from G2 to M phase
23
Q

MPF induces the progression from G2 to M phase by

A

phosphorylation and inactivation of APC (anaphase promoting complex)

24
Q

APC (anaphase promoting complex)

A

an E3 ubiquitin ligase which inactivates mitotic cyclins (cyc-A or cyc-B) and hence MPF, during interphase

25
Q

proteolysis of mitotic cyclins at the end of mitosis causes

A

reduction of MPF activity

26
Q

MPF inactive, APC active

A

interphase

27
Q

MPF active, APC inactive

A

M phase (mitosis)

28
Q

role of MPF: cell cycle regulation

A
  • chromosomal condensation
  • nuclear envelope degradation
  • mitotic spindle formation
  • chromosome migration to opposite poles
  • organelle reformation
  • cytokinesis
29
Q

cell cycle regulation during interphase

A
  • mitogens
  • expression of early response genes
  • activation of G1 cyclin-cdk activity
  • transcription of genes for DNA synthesis
30
Q

expression of early response genes

A
  • G1 cyclins and cdks (cyc-D, cyc-E, cdks 2,4,6)
  • transcription factors (c-fos, c-jun, E2F)
31
Q

if the mitogen is removed

A
  • reduction in the cyclin-cdk levels
  • the cell does not pass through the restriction point R
  • the cell does not replicate
32
Q

what do tumor suppressor genes do?

A

produce proteins that inhibit cell division and prevent uncontrolled cel growth (cancer)

33
Q

two important tumor suppressor genes

A

RB1 and TP53

34
Q

what is p53?

A

a protein produced by TP53 gene that inhibits cdks

35
Q

what is Rb?

A
  • retinoblastoma protein
  • produced by the protein RB1 and inhibits cell cycle
36
Q

what happens when E2F is inactive?

A

the cell cannot enter S phase

37
Q

how is Rb’s activity regulated?

A
  1. G1 phase: Rb dephosphorylation by PP-1
  2. at the end of G!, cyc-cdks phosphorylate Rb
  3. phosphorylated Rb cannot sequester E2F
  4. E2F is released (activated), and cells enter S phase
38
Q

what are the activities of Rb and E2F during G1 and S phase?

A
  • G1: Rb active, E2F inactive
  • S: Rb inactive, E2F active
39
Q

what is retinoblastoma?

A