topic 10 (part 2) Flashcards
cancer
an abnormal growth of cells with tend to proliferate in an uncontrolled way and in some cases metastasize (spread)
malignancy
the tumor property to invade nearby tissues and spread (metastasize) to other body parts
carcinogenesis
activation of oncogenes and inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes
stages of carcinogenesis
- loss of a tumor-suppressor gene
- small benign growth (polyp)
- activation of an oncogene
- loss of another tumor-suppressor gene
- larger benign growth (adenoma)
- loss of tumor-suppressor gene p53
- malignant tumor
cell cycle checkpoints
- control the transition from one phase of the cell cycle to the next
- ensure that certain processes have been completed (ex: DNA replication) before another phase starts
3 important checkpoints
G1 checkpoint
G2 checkpoint
M checkpoint
G1 checkpoint
- checks for the presence of growth factors?
- cell size is large enough to divide?
- controls transition from G1 to S phase
G2 checkpoint
- checks if there is any DNA damage?
- controls transition from G2 to M phase
M checkpoint
controls the transition through the stages of mitosis
- correct chromosome alignment in the mitotic spindle during metaphase?
if DNA damage is detected at G1 and G2 checkpoints
cell cycle arrest
if cells are unable to repair damage, this leads to
apoptosis
most important checkpoint
G1 checkpoint
cell cycle control is maintained by protein complexes which are composed of 2 subunits
- cyclin (cyc) - the regulatory unit
- cyclin dependent kinase (cdk) - the catalytic subunit
kinases
enzymes that inactivate/activate other protein by phosphorylation
concentration fluctuates in the cell
cyclins