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PSYCHOLOGY 104 > TOPIC 5: SENSATION > Flashcards

TOPIC 5: SENSATION Flashcards

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1
Q

sensation

A

encoding environment energy or chemicals in terms of neural signals.

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2
Q

Perception

A

organization and interpretation of neural signals.

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3
Q

Psychophysics

A

the study of relation between physical quantities and physiological experience.

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4
Q

Absolute threshold

A

weakest stimulus detected 50% of the time.

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5
Q

subliminal stimulation

A

hypnosis or hoax?
– “subliminal” perceived up to 49% of the time.

– what about stimulineverconsciously perceived?

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6
Q

James Vicary (1957)

A
  • reportedly showed 0.03 second messages repeatedly during a movie.
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7
Q

Murphy and Zajonc (1993)

A

will subliminal stimuli enter our awareness??
- presented Chinese characters preceded by subliminal faces.

  • ratings of characters depended on facial expressions. (smiles=positive)
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8
Q

CBC showClose-Upto subliminal messages (1958)

A
  • replicated study and no effect on behaviour .
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9
Q

difference threshold (just noticeable difference or JND)

A

smallest difference between two stimuli detected 50% of time.

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10
Q

JND increases as ..

A

JND increases as stimulus intensity increases.

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11
Q

Weber’s Law (1834)

A

JND is a constant proportion of stimulus intensity.

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12
Q

scaling

A

how does our experience change as intensity changes?

example: are two identical light bulbs twice as bright as one?

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13
Q

Fechner’s Law

A

sensory experience is proportional to the number of JNDs a stimulus is above threshold.

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14
Q

Fechners formula

A

S=kloge(I)

S = sensory experience,
k= Weber fraction,
I= stimulus intensity
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15
Q

problems with Fechner’s and Weber’s law

A
  • less accurate approaching absolute threshold
  • less accurate with increase intensity
  • observers response bias confound attempts to measure sensitivity, due to time of day, fatigue
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16
Q

Steven Power Law (1961)

A

uses magnitude estimation technique:

1) observer given standard stimulus, and certain value.
2) observer assigns values to other stimuli.

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17
Q

Steven Power Law Formula

A

S=aI^b

S= sensory experience
a= constant
I= stimulus intensity
b= exponent
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18
Q

evolutionary adaptive significance

A
  • pain quickly becomes very aversive (b>1)
  • accurate estimation of length and distance (b=1)
  • large range of light intensities can be perceived (b<1)
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19
Q

Signal Detection Theory

A

uses catch trials; no stimulus presented 50% of the time.

  • determines observers response bias
  • applies statistical methods to separate sensitivity from confounding factors
  • does not determine a threshold
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20
Q

Vision

A
  • Transduction of photons (light energy) to neutral impulses
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21
Q

Visible light

A

narrow slice of electromagnetic spectrum; exhibits properties of particle and wave characteristics .

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22
Q

Distal Stimulus

A

Object in the world

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23
Q

Proximal Stimulus

A

pattern of energy impinging on receptors

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24
Q

How does travel through the eye ?

A

cornea
===> pupil (iris)
===> crystalline lens
===>retina

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25
Q

Accommodation

A

lens changes its shape, which changes its focal length, keeping image focused on retina.

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26
Q

Receptors

A

rods and cones (contain photochemical)

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27
Q

Optic disk

A

hole where optic nerve exits; no receptors; BLIND SPOT

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28
Q

Fovea

A

for directed looking; contains only cones.

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29
Q

Sensory Adaption

A

experience of sensation changes with prolonged exposure.

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30
Q

Dark Adaption

A

rods lose sensitivity in bright light; regenerate bleached photopigment in - 20 mins.

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31
Q

Trade Off

A

adaption may decrease sensitivity to unchanging stimuli, BUT allows perception of important environmental changes.

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32
Q

Retina

A

area on the retina that, in reaction to a stimulus, influences the firing of a neutron.

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33
Q

primary visual cortex

A
  • Hubel and Wiesel recorded cats brains
  • Located in the occipital lobe
  • Simple cells
  • complex cells
  • hypercomplex
    (end-stopped) cells
  • includes feature detectors
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34
Q

simple cells

A

triggered by pattern in receptive field, such as a bar of light with certain width, orientation, and location.

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35
Q

complex cells

A

also requiring motion in specific direction

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36
Q

hypercomplex cells

A

must also have particular length

or moving corners/angles

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37
Q

feature detectors

A

groups of neurons within the primary visual cortex are organized to receive and integrate sensor nerve impulses originating in specific regions of the retina.

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38
Q

visual association cortex

A
  • parallel processing areas

- part of distinct cortical pathways. ventral and dorsal ,what and where.

39
Q

parallel processing areas

A
  • handle shape, colour, motion, and depth.
  • shape and color are processed in the form perception regions .
  • motion and depth are processed in location/movement perception regions.
40
Q

“what” pathway/ventral stream

A

specialized for perceiving shapes and identifying objects

41
Q

“where” pathway/dorsal stream

A

specialized for perceiving spatial relationships and guiding actions (how?)

42
Q

prosopagnosia

A

inability to perceive or identify faces; caused by damage to the fusiform face area in ventral stream

43
Q

cerebral achromatia

A

colour blindness due to cortical damage to colour area in ventral stream

44
Q

akinetopsia

A

deficit in perceiving motion of objects; due to damaged motion area in dorsal stream

45
Q

Balint’s syndrome

A

person can identify individual objects, but cannot tell where they are located or reach for them (intact “what” pathway, but damaged “where” pathway?)

46
Q

visual form agnosia

A

person cannot “see” (perceive or or identify) objects, but may be able to reach out and grasp them (damaged “what” pathway, but intact “where” pathway?)

47
Q

color perception

A
  • evolved to aid object perception, defeat camouflage

- visible wavelengths between 380-720

48
Q

Trichromatic theory

A
  • Thomas Young, 1802; von Helmholtz
  • only a few different types of receptors required, each sensitive to different wavelengths
  • catch: you can’t combine two of the primary colours to make a third (red, green, blue)
  • evidence: there are different types of cones.
49
Q

Opponent-process theory

A
  • Edward Hering
  • proposed that each of the three cone types respond to two different wavelengths.
  • problem: we don’t have yellowfins cones or receptors.
50
Q

evidence of Opponent-process theory

A
  • afterimage

- simultaneous color contrast

51
Q

afterimage

A

negative image experiences adapting to a color stimulus. as you stare at a color, the neural processes become fatigued, when you cast your eyes on a white surface, the opponent color will appear.

52
Q

simultaneous colour contrast

A

surrounding an area with a colour changes the appearance of the surrounded area

53
Q

3 types of cones

A
  • One type responds to red or green
  • Another type responds to blue or yellow
  • The last responds to white or black
54
Q

dual-process theory

A

combine opponent-process theory and trichromatic theory

  • trichromatic theory is right about receptors
  • opponent-process theory is right about processing.
55
Q

what is color deficiency caused by

A

caused by an absence of hue-sensitive photopigment in certain types.

56
Q

Trichromats

A

people with normal color vision and are sensitive to all three systems: red-green, blue-yellow, black-white.

57
Q

Dichromate

A

a person who is color blind to only one of these systems.

58
Q

Monochromat

A

sensitive only to black-white system and is totally colorblind.

59
Q

Distal stimulus

A

vibrating source, moving air molecules

60
Q

Proximal stimulus

A

kinetic energy arriving at eardrum

61
Q

energy range

A

0.0002-200 dynes/cm2; logarithmic scale used: decibels (dB)

62
Q

sound travel through the :

A

pinna==> ear canal==> eardrum==>ossicles ==> cochlea

63
Q

what is the auditory nerve comprised of ?

A

comprised of the axons of hair cells

64
Q

what do the axons of the hair cells do?

A

projects to subcortical structures before going to the primary auditory cortex in the temporal lobe

65
Q

what does the middle ear house?

A

the ossicle which are the three smallest bones.

  • Malleus (hammer)
  • Incus (anvil)
  • Stirrup (stapes)
66
Q

what does the inner ear contain?

A
  • Cochlea
  • Basilar membrane
  • Organ of Corti
67
Q

Cochlea

A

a coiled tube hat is filled with fluid and contains the basilar membrane

68
Q

Basilar membrane

A

a sheet of tissue that runs its length.

69
Q

Organ of Corti

A

rests on top of the basilar membrane, contains the hair cells that are the actual sound receptors.

70
Q

what do the hair cells synapse with

A

the auditory nerve

71
Q

pitch coding theories

A
  • frequency theory (bekesy)
  • place theory (Von Helmholtz)
  • Travelling wave (George von bekesy)
72
Q

Frequency theory

A
  • Nerve impulses sent to the brain match the frequency of the sound wave.
  • Meaning 30 Hz sound waves should send 30 volleys of nerve impulses.
  • Problem: because neurons are limited in their rate of firing, individual impulses fired by groups of neurons cannot produce high enough frequency above 1000Hz, so then how do we hear 4000Hz.
73
Q

Place Theory

A
  • different frequencies cause different places on basilar membrane to vibrate, like a harp string.
  • receptor location corresponds to sound frequency.
  • Loudness is coded in terms of both the rate of the stimulus and which specific hair cells are sending messages.
  • problem: membrane is not like a harp
74
Q

who made place theory

A

(von Helmholtz, 1863)

75
Q

who made frequency theory

A

(Bekesy 1957)

76
Q

at which frequency do which theory work

A

· At low frequencies, frequency theory holds true, at high frequencies, place theory provides mechanisms for coding the pitch of a sound.

77
Q

sound localization

A
  • made by Brown and Luck
  • The nervous system uses information concerning time and intensity differences of sounds arriving at the two ears to locate the course of the sounds in space.
78
Q

Travelling wave

A
  • observed that the whole membrane moves
  • but peaks at a certain location, depending on frequency
  • encodes higher frequencies
79
Q

types of hearing loss

A

conduction deafness and nerve deafness

80
Q

conduction deafness

A

caused by problems involving the mechanical system that transmits sound waves to the cochlea. Use of a hearing and amplifies the sound entering the ear. May correct conduction deafness.

81
Q

Nerve deafness

A

caused by damaged receptors within the inner ear or damage to the auditory nerve. Cannot be helped with a hearing aid.

82
Q

Gustation

A
  • TASTE
  • tongue has small bumps called papillae, which contain taste buds
  • taste bud: each is made up of several taste receptor cells
  • primary tastes:sweet,sour,salty,bitter,umami
  • purpose: determine whether novel foods are edible
83
Q

Umami

A

An additional taste sensation that increases the sensitives of other taste qualities

84
Q

Olfaction

A
  • SMELL
  • stimuli: volatile airborne molecules
  • attach to olfactory binding proteins in olfactory mucosa
  • stimulate cilia on olfactory receptor neurons==> olfactory bulb.
  • one pathway goes to olfactory cortex (conscious experience), another to limbic system (memory & emotion)
  • difficult to classify odourants into primaries.

• this explains the “asparagus urine”

85
Q

Olfactory Bulb

A

A forebrain structure immediately above the nasal cavity, each odour excites only a limited portion of the bulb, odours are then coded in terms of specific areas of the bulb that is excited.

86
Q

asparagus urine

A

phenomenon. metabolites of a compound in asparagus are excreted in urine, giving it a distinctive smell. 40% ppl have the gene to smell it tho.

87
Q

Cutaneous senses

A

touch/vibration, warmth, cold, and pain

88
Q

vestibularsense

A

balance

89
Q

Proprioception

A

sensing position of the body and limbs

90
Q

kinesthesis

A

sensing movement of the body and limbs

91
Q

Pain

A
  • minimizes exposure to noxious, aversive stimuli
  • not sensory overload
  • two kinds, each has unique sensory subsystem:
    • first pain
    • second pain
  • affected by non-physical factors, like cultural background
92
Q

First pain

A

sharp, brief, highly localized

93
Q

Second pain

A

deep, dull, more diffuse

94
Q

catch trials

A

no stimulus is presented 50% of the time.

PSYCHOLOGY 104 (10 decks)

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