TOPIC 5 : PERCEPTION Flashcards

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1
Q

WHAT IS ATTENTION

A

attention is the ability to focus on a stimuli in the environment or conscious processes, while not processing other info.

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2
Q

Selective attention

A

conscious awareness focus on a particular stimulus

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3
Q

Divided attention

A

conscious awareness is spread over two or more stimuli

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4
Q

The myth of multitasking

A

“multitaskers” actually just switch rapidly between tasks.

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5
Q

problems with multitasking

A
  • Decreases productivity and speed
  • Decrease creative thinking
  • Increases release of stress hormones and stress
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6
Q

Early-selection theory

A

unimportant information is “filtered out” early on before processing

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7
Q

cocktail party phenomenon

A
  • part of early-selection theory

- when you ignore all other convos around you and pay attention to one person

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8
Q

the problem with cocktail part phenomenon

A

when someone across the room mentions your name and you notice.

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9
Q

inattention blindness

A

when visual attention is engaged, other events fail to be perceived

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10
Q

change blindness

A

when a visual stimulus is interrupted and charged, we cannot detect the charge

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11
Q

What does change blindness suggest?

A

suggests that the entire visual scene is not fully attended to, encoded, or retained.

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12
Q

Gastalt psychology

A
  • in form perception
  • Asked how are sensation organized into perceptions ?
  • Motto: the whole is different then the sum of parts
  • Figure V.S Ground: what is the object and what is the background?
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13
Q

Laws of perpetual

A

governed how related stimuli are associated

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14
Q

Pros and Cons of laws of perpetual

A

PROS:
- Holistic approach: perpetual experience cannot be broken down into concepts

CONS:
- not good for making predictions.

  • not good at explanations
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15
Q

Pattern perception

A
  • Template models
  • Prototype models
  • Feature model
  • Structural models
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16
Q

Template models

A
  • input compared to fixed template stored in memory

- stimulus categorized into exact match.

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17
Q

pros and cons for template model

A

PROS:
- successfully used in machines

CONS:
- cannot handle novel stimuli, or variations in a stimulus.

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18
Q

Prototype models

A
  • input compared to abstract, idealized patterns until best match
  • prototype is like an “average” formed by repeated experience
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19
Q

pros and cons to prototype models

A

PRO:
- more flexible; allows for differences in “goodness” (some category members are more representative than others)

CON:
- how do we perceivespecificthings?; cannot handle context

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20
Q

feature models

A
  • Input broken down into simple component
  • features, like line segments
    feature list compared to stored catalog
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21
Q

Pros and cons to feature models

A

PRO:
- can account for variations, and “goodness”
CON:
- features are poorly defined; cannot handle context

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22
Q

structural models

A

Recognition By components(Biederman, 1987)

  • object identified by matching configuration of geons with stored catalog of objects
  • evidence: if an object’s geons can be determined, the object can be recognized–even if partially obscured
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23
Q

goons

A

(geometric icons):

volumetric shapes that can be modified (length, width, etc.), but remain identifiable (cylinder, brick, cone)

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24
Q

pros and cons to structural models

A

PROS:
- can account for variations

CONS:
- cannot differentiate between two things that have the same geons ; cannot handle context

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25
Q

types of processing

A
  • Bottom-up

- Top-down

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26
Q

Bottom-up

A

sensory data is gathered, put together, and evaluated on the basis of what emerges from the pattern

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27
Q

Top-down

A

higher-level processes (e.g., based on context, experience, knowledge) aid in interpreting data gathered by the senses

28
Q

perceptual set

A

predisposition to interpret a stimulus in a particular way

29
Q

perceptual schemas

A

Mental structures that help us organize the world into a coherent whole.

  • Are learned, thus affected by context, culture, & experience
30
Q

Binocular cues

A

depth cues requiring two eyes

31
Q

convergence

A

feedback from eye muscles provides information on distance to object being focused on

32
Q

binocular disparity

A

Each eye sees a slightly different image

  • These differences are interpreted in terms of depth
33
Q

Stereopsis

A

stereoscopic vision

34
Q

Monocular(“pictorial”)cues

A

depth cues applied by one eye

35
Q

relative size

A

closer objects cast larger retinal image

36
Q

linear perspective

A

parallel lines appear to converge (at “vanishing point”)

37
Q

relative brightness

A

dimmer objects seem farther away

38
Q

elevation

A

objects closer to the horizon are interpreted as being farther away

39
Q

texture gradient

A

texture elements appear smaller and more densely arranged as they get farther away

40
Q

Motion perception

A
  • structure from motion

- apparent motion

41
Q

structure from motion

A

the movement of an object can assist in determining its shape

42
Q

apparent motion

A

if two adjacent objects are shown in sufficiently brief succession, one moving object is perceived

43
Q

Perpetual constancies

A
  • The proximal stimulus is dynamic and changing
  • But we perceive the distal stimulus as being constant
  • how does this work?
44
Q

shape constancy

A

object perceived to have a constant shape, despite changes in shape of retinal image

45
Q

size constancy

A
  • perceived size of an object doesn’t change, despite variations in size of image on the retina
  • depends on knowledge about object’s size, and information about object’s distance
46
Q

lightness constancy

A
  • perception of greyness of an object’s surface is constant, despite differences in illumination
  • depends on knowledge of object’s surface, and information about ambient light
47
Q

perceptual constancies

A
  • Shape constancy
  • size constancy
  • lightness constancy
48
Q

what does perpetual constancies allow?

A

perceptual constancies allow for an accurate and stable percept of a changing world by applying knowledge in our heads, and information from the world

49
Q

what can visual illusions tell us?

A

may tell us how our sensory systems work, and reveal our sensory biases

50
Q

what is a visual illusion ?

A

illusions are errors in perception– incorrect interpretations of the world

51
Q

ponzo illusion

A

(Ponzo, 1913)
- converging lines give false impression of 3-D depth and distance

  • top bar is perceived farther away then bottom bar
52
Q

Gregory ( 1968, 1990 )

A

examines Müller-Lyer illusion

  • line with arrows at the ends appears shorter then line with wings at the ends.
53
Q

problem with the Müller-Lyer illusion

A

illusion is also obtained with circles

54
Q

conclusions with Müller-Lyer illusions

A
  • stimuli interact with depth perception mechanisms
  • false depth perception leads to misapplies size and shape constancy
  • you cannot think away an illusion even if you understand how it works
  • thus depth perception mechanisms must be “hardwired”
55
Q

human factors psychology

A
  • applies psychological knowledge to real-world problems

- also known as engineering psychology , cognitive engineering, and ergonomics

56
Q

Real-world illusion example.

A
  • American Airlines had landing accidents occurring at night in good weather
  • Pilots used flight rules not instrumental landings. no mechanical problems
57
Q

Conrad L. Kraft

A

suspected pilots experienced a visual illusion approaching city lights while over dark water or land.

58
Q

what caused the illusions pilots saw ?

A

black-hole approach illusion

59
Q

Black-hole approach illusion

A

when on approach over water on a dark night toward brightly lighted city, pilots misperceive runway to be larger, nearer, and lower in the visual field

60
Q

ESP (extra sensory perception)

A
  • Telepathy
  • Clairvoyance
  • Precognition
  • Telekinesis or psychokinesis
61
Q

Telepathy

A

direct mind-to-mind communication

62
Q

Clairvoyance

A

direct perception of distant events

63
Q

precognition

A

perception of future events (not guessing!)

64
Q

tele-/psychokinesis

A

acting upon objects with the mind

65
Q

Anecdotes VS Evidence

A
  • Nostradamus (16thcentury)

- Strentz (1986)

66
Q

Nostradamus (16thcentury)

A

wrote ambiguous prophesies; only interpretablepost hoc

67
Q

Strentz (1986)

A

surveyedNational Enquirer’s psychic predictions

  • from 1978-1985, 486 predictions made
  • only 2 came true lol.