TOPIC 5 : PERCEPTION Flashcards
WHAT IS ATTENTION
attention is the ability to focus on a stimuli in the environment or conscious processes, while not processing other info.
Selective attention
conscious awareness focus on a particular stimulus
Divided attention
conscious awareness is spread over two or more stimuli
The myth of multitasking
“multitaskers” actually just switch rapidly between tasks.
problems with multitasking
- Decreases productivity and speed
- Decrease creative thinking
- Increases release of stress hormones and stress
Early-selection theory
unimportant information is “filtered out” early on before processing
cocktail party phenomenon
- part of early-selection theory
- when you ignore all other convos around you and pay attention to one person
the problem with cocktail part phenomenon
when someone across the room mentions your name and you notice.
inattention blindness
when visual attention is engaged, other events fail to be perceived
change blindness
when a visual stimulus is interrupted and charged, we cannot detect the charge
What does change blindness suggest?
suggests that the entire visual scene is not fully attended to, encoded, or retained.
Gastalt psychology
- in form perception
- Asked how are sensation organized into perceptions ?
- Motto: the whole is different then the sum of parts
- Figure V.S Ground: what is the object and what is the background?
Laws of perpetual
governed how related stimuli are associated
Pros and Cons of laws of perpetual
PROS:
- Holistic approach: perpetual experience cannot be broken down into concepts
CONS:
- not good for making predictions.
- not good at explanations
Pattern perception
- Template models
- Prototype models
- Feature model
- Structural models
Template models
- input compared to fixed template stored in memory
- stimulus categorized into exact match.
pros and cons for template model
PROS:
- successfully used in machines
CONS:
- cannot handle novel stimuli, or variations in a stimulus.
Prototype models
- input compared to abstract, idealized patterns until best match
- prototype is like an “average” formed by repeated experience
pros and cons to prototype models
PRO:
- more flexible; allows for differences in “goodness” (some category members are more representative than others)
CON:
- how do we perceivespecificthings?; cannot handle context
feature models
- Input broken down into simple component
- features, like line segments
feature list compared to stored catalog
Pros and cons to feature models
PRO:
- can account for variations, and “goodness”
CON:
- features are poorly defined; cannot handle context
structural models
Recognition By components(Biederman, 1987)
- object identified by matching configuration of geons with stored catalog of objects
- evidence: if an object’s geons can be determined, the object can be recognized–even if partially obscured
goons
(geometric icons):
volumetric shapes that can be modified (length, width, etc.), but remain identifiable (cylinder, brick, cone)
pros and cons to structural models
PROS:
- can account for variations
CONS:
- cannot differentiate between two things that have the same geons ; cannot handle context
types of processing
- Bottom-up
- Top-down
Bottom-up
sensory data is gathered, put together, and evaluated on the basis of what emerges from the pattern