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PSYCHOLOGY 104 > TOPIC 1: INTRODUCTION TO PHYSCHOLOGY > Flashcards

TOPIC 1: INTRODUCTION TO PHYSCHOLOGY Flashcards

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1
Q

evidence from evolution

A
  • brain consumes much of the body energy resources
  • brain is active even during sleep
  • unlikely that a 90% useless brain would have evolved
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2
Q

evidence from development

A
  • without activation in childhood, neural pathways atrophy and brain cells degenerate
  • unused brain areas would later degenerate
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3
Q

evidence from modern brain imaging

A
  • difference behaviours activate different parts of the brain
  • many activities use several brain regions simultaneuosly
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4
Q

what is psychology

A

earliest definition was the study of the mind

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5
Q

structuralism

A
  • what are the elements of conscious process
  • how are they connected
  • what are the laws of connection
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6
Q

introspection

A

analysis of ones own conscious experience

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7
Q

functionalism

A
  • what is the purpose of consciousness
  • how are particular mental processes adaptive
  • how to do people change and adapt to their environment
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8
Q

psychodynamic approach

A
  • how do dynamic psychological forces affect human motion and behaviour?
  • how can psychological disorder be treated
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9
Q

psychotherapy

A

emphasized the influence of unconscious mental forces

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10
Q

behaviouralism

A
  • what observable behaviours can be studied
  • how are they learned
  • how are they modified by the environment
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11
Q

gestalt psychology

A

-how are cognitive processes organized

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12
Q

doctrine

A

whole is different then the sum of the parts

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13
Q

William James

A

(1907) wrote: “We are making use of only a small part of our possible mental and physical resources” (p.322-323)–but didn’t mention the brain

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14
Q

Karl Lashley

A

(1935) showed that removing some of a rat’s cerebral cortex did not affect certain types of learning–but was that tissue useless?

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15
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

(b.1832-d.1920) founded first psychology lab at University of Leipzig in 1879

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16
Q

James mark Baldwin

A

(b.1861-d.1934) established first psychological lab in British Empire at U of Toronto in 1889

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17
Q

Edward Titchener

A

(b.1867-d.1927) relied onintrospection: analysis of one’s own conscious experience

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18
Q

William James

A

(b.1842-d.1910) worked at Harvard University; wrote influential,The Principles of Psychology(1890)

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19
Q

Mary whiten calkins

A

(b.1863-d.1930) became first woman president of the APA (American Psychological Association) in 1905

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20
Q

sigmund frued

A

(b.1856-d.1939), neurologist; developedpsychoanalytictheory (umbrella term) and psychotherapy.

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21
Q

C.G jung

A

(b.1875-d.1961) extended psychodynamics; proposed all human beings share a “collective unconscious” that stores the symbols and archetypes shared by all people

22
Q

J.B Watson

A

(b.1878-d.1958) shifted study of mind to study of behaviour

23
Q

B.F skinner

A

(b.1904-d.1990): we are controlled by our environment, not by free will

24
Q

Max Wertheimer

A
  • doctrine: whole is different than the sum of the parts.

- founded gestalt psychology

25
Q

humanistic psychology

A
  • how can we discover and nurture an individuals potential for growth?
  • what makes a person unique.
  • carl rogers and Abraham Maslow worked in humanistic psychology.
26
Q

carl rogers

A

(b.1902-d.1987) developed nondirective client-centered therapy

27
Q

Abraham Maslow

A
  • Abraham Maslow (b.1908-d.1970) focused on potential for self-actualization. Means what is your potential.
28
Q

cognitive psychology

A
  • How does the mind organize and process information ?
    • What is the relationship between cognition and behaviors?
    • George Miller (b.1920-d.2012) founded Center for Cognitive Studies at Harvard U in 1960
    • Ulric Neisser (b.1928-d.2012) wroteCognitive Psychologyin 1967.
29
Q

biological approach

A
  • What is the relationship between brain structures and psychological functions?
    • How does evolution influence behavior?
    • Donald Hebb (b.1904-d.1985) developed connectionism: insightful theory of neurological functioning via neural networks
    • Leda Cosmides (b.1957) helped pioneerevolutionary psychology: views the mind as a set of adaptive mechanisms.
30
Q

Donald Hebb

A

(b.1904-d.1985) developed connectionism: insightful theory of neurological functioning via neural networks

31
Q

leda cosmides

A

(b.1957) helped pioneerevolutionary psychology: views the mind as a set of adaptive mechanisms.

32
Q

the types of research

A
  • basic research: intended to add to our knowledge

* applied research: designed to solve a practical problem

33
Q

experimental psychology

A
  • behavioural genetics
  • cognitive neuroscience
  • sensation and perception
  • behaviour analysis
  • human factors and ergonomics

-social psychology
positive psychology

34
Q

Professional psychology

A
  • clinical psychology
  • counselling psychology
  • educational/school psychology
  • industrial/ organizational psychology
35
Q

cognitive neuroscience

A

Which brain structures underlie specific behaviors?

What are the effects of the drug ecstasy on the brain

36
Q

sensation and perception

A

How do we extract information from energy in the world?

Why do some people hear colors or taste shapes?

37
Q

cognitive psychology

A

How does the mind process information?

What is the best way for you to learn and remember information for an exam?

38
Q

human factors and ergonomics

A

How does psychology relate to design and everyday things?

What’s worse, drinking and driving, or using a cell phone and driving?

39
Q

social psychology

A

How do we influence and interact with one another?

How much of your feelings and attitudes do you express in your body language?

40
Q

positive psychology

A

What things lead to strength of character, optimism, and health?
How can you lead a happier life?

41
Q

Lightner Witmer

A

(b.1867-d.1956) established the first psychological clinic in 1896; introduced the term “clinical psychology” in 1907

42
Q

clinical psychology

A

How can we learn about, diagnose, and treat people who have major problems coping with everyday life, or a psychological disorder?

43
Q

counselling psychology

A

How can we help people overcome less severe difficulties in one aspect of their lives (e.g., family or marriage)?
e.g., in family or married life

44
Q

educational/school psychology

A

How can we help children who have difficulties in school?
What’s the best way to do standardized testing?
What is appropriate curriculum for a particular grade/age?

45
Q

industrial/ organizational psychology

A

What candidates are the best fit for a job?

How should a company’s organizational structure be designed?

46
Q

psychology is empirical

A

It is based on empirical evidence (observation and experimentation), and adapts as new data is collected.

47
Q

Reciprocal determinism

A

psychology affects society, but is also affected by society

When was homosexuality no longer classified as a psychological disorder?

48
Q

how to become a chartered psychologist

A
  • complete Bachelor’s degree (4 years)
    • take GRE (Graduate Records Exam) General Test and apply to graduate school
      » GRE General Test does not include any psychology content
    • earn Master’s or Ph.D. degree in psychology or related field, or Psy.D. (2+ years)
    • practice for 1,600 hours under supervision of chartered psychologist
    • pass written and oral exams
    • register with provincial regulating body, College of Alberta Psychologists (CAP):
      • sets standards (e.g., Code of Conduct, Code of Ethics)
      • monitors/regulates practice
      • licenses psychologists (a.k.a. registered or chartered)
49
Q

how to become a psychiatrist

A
  • take relevant courses and complete Bachelor’s degree (2+ years)
    • take MCAT (Medical College Admission Test) and apply to medical school
      » MCAT includes a section on psychological, social, and biological foundations of behavior
    • earn M.D. (3 or 4 years)
    • become a resident in psychiatry (5 years)
    • pass certification exams
    • become registered member of College of Physicians and Surgeons of Alberta (CPSA):
      • administers standards of practice and conduct
      • resolves complaints
      • licenses physicians
50
Q

multiple levels of analysis are required for explanations

A
  • what are the multiple causes of a given behaviour
  • understand the influence of psychological, biological, social, and environmental has on behaviour and mental processes.
51
Q

The SQ4R Study Method

A

Survey: skim through chapter

Question: what’s the point of each section?

Read: in the proper environment

Recite: make active notes in your own words

Relate: associate new information to what you already know

Review: concentrate on problem areas
52
Q

two guys involved in cognitive psychology

A

George Miller and ulric neisser

PSYCHOLOGY 104 (10 decks)

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