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PSYCHOLOGY 104 > TOPIC 4: GENETIC & EVOLUTIONARY INFLUENCES ON BEHAVIOUR > Flashcards

TOPIC 4: GENETIC & EVOLUTIONARY INFLUENCES ON BEHAVIOUR Flashcards

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1
Q

DNA

A
  • Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
  • Double helix joined by nucleotides
  • Nucleotides are
    (A adenine)<=>(T thymine)
    (G guanine)<=>(C cytosine)
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2
Q

Genes

A
  • Made up of DNA segments

- Guide synthesis of proteins which form/alter physiologic systems, via RNA (ribonucleic acid)

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3
Q

Chromosomes

A
  • Structures in cell nucleus
  • Comprised of 23,000 genes
  • 23 pairs = 46 chromosomes
  • 50% of chromosomes inherited from each parent, randomly selected.
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4
Q

Alleles

A

Pair of genes occupying the same locus on a pair of chromosomes

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5
Q

Gregor Mendel (1865)

A

Cross bred peas to make hybrids

  • Two original purebred strains, differing in one trait, one was round the other was wrinkled
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6
Q

F1 and F2 of Mendel’s pea breeding

A

F1 : resulted in Rr(round) and Rr(round)

F2 : resulted in RR(round), Rr(round), Rr(round), rr(wrinkled)

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7
Q

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

A
  • Can cause reduced head and brain size, motor coordination problems, intellectual disabilities and physiological disorders.
  • effects 10 per 100,000
  • caused by an enzyme that produces a enzyme that ineffectively metabolizes amino acid phenylalanine
  • Allel is recessive
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8
Q

Where is phenylalanine found

A

found in some high protein foods, components of aspartame.

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9
Q

Environmental treatment for genetic defect (Phenylketonuria)

A

avoid phenylalanine

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10
Q

Polygenic

A

A trait cannot be accounted for by a single gene and is continuous rather than discrete.
(non-Mendelian)

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11
Q

The goal of epigenetics

A

The goal of epigenetics is to explain how the environment interacts with genetic information In the body.

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12
Q

why and how is protein translated.

A

Because almost every body cell has a copy of DNA, it has the capability of expressing a gene, by being transcribed into molecules of RNA, which are then translated into protein.

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13
Q

True or False - every gene in any cell is active

A

FALSE : Only 10-20% of genes are active in any cell.

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14
Q

What does Epigenetics guide?

A

They guide proper development of stem cells into different specialized cells of the body.

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15
Q

What is Epigenetics the study of?

A

Epigenetics is the study of changes in the regulation of gene activity and expression that are not dependent on gene DNA sequence.

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16
Q

Epigenomic Mechanisms

A

Control of gene expression can occur in different ways

  • DNA methylation
  • Histone modifications
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17
Q

DNA methylation

A
  • Molecules called methyl groups attach to DNA
  • This effects what gets translated into RNA and proteins, preventing gene expression.
  • Methyl groups are present in foods, household chemicals, and environmental pollutants
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18
Q

Histone modification

A
  • DNA is wrapped around protein structures called histones, like thread around a spool.
  • some chemical groups attach directly to histones, loosing or tightening their connection to DNA, turning genes off or on.
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19
Q

How do experiences influence the epigenome ?

A

Certain antidepressants have been found to reverse both genetic and behavioural effects

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20
Q

How does genetic risk combine with experience and environment to produce identical twins?

A
  • if one of the twins is autistic, there is a 60% the other is too.
  • schizophrenia = 50%
  • bipolar disorder = 75%
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21
Q

How do psychoactive drugs rewrite the epigenetic code?

A
  • Addictions maybe cured–or even prevented– by interrupting or reversing epigenetic changes. This can alter some genes temporarily, other more permanently.
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22
Q

Can epigenetic information be inherited?

A

Your experiences may actually cause changes In gene regulation that are passed on to your offspring.

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23
Q

Charles Darwin

A
  • around world Galapagos visit and compared finches and adaptions
  • compared present day creatures to fossil record
  • wrote On the origin of species, which included evolutionary biology.
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24
Q

what were the 4 premises of On the origin of species.

A

1) life is dynamic: species change with time
2) evolution is gradual and continuous (sudden environmental changes ==> some species die out)
3) stats quo maintained in a static environment
4) all current organisms descended from an original ancestor

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25
Q

the 2 mechanisms

A

natural selection and artificial selection

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26
Q

natural selection

A

selective breeding by nature

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27
Q

Spencer (1864)

A

“survival of the fittest” : means suitability or match with the environment, not physical strength.

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28
Q

artificial selection

A

selective breeding by human action.

  • individuals with desired traits encouraged by human action.
  • pass on their genetics or characteristics.
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29
Q

how does genetic change occur

A

through two ways:

sexual reproduction and mutation

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30
Q

sexual reproduction

A

“shuffles the deck” of genes from parents

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31
Q

mutation

A

change in DNA sequence

- offspring has gene neither parent has

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32
Q

can an individual evolve

A

no, evolution occurs across individuals as a whole. as a species.

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33
Q

the three types of adaptions

A

1) evolutionary adaption
2) individual adaption
3) cultural adaption

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34
Q

evolutionary adaption

A

genetic makeup of species modified by natural selection

- change across generations

35
Q

individual adaptions

A

physical, mental changes, occurring on momentary, daily, or yearly basis.
- change within lifespan.

36
Q

cultural adaption

A

changes in ideas, institutions, tools shared by a community

- change within lifespan and across generations.

37
Q

Darwins Black Box: The biochemical challenge to evolution (Behe 1996)

A
  • argues that the fossil record has gaps
  • many biological systems are ‘irreducible complexity”
  • argues for “intelligent design”
  • Parallels Wm. Paley’s (1802) watchmaker analogy
38
Q

irreducible complexity

A

comprised of multiple interacting parts that contribute to the basic function, such that the system fails hen any part is removed

39
Q

Wm. Paley’s (1802) watchmaker analogy

A

if a pocket watch is found on a field, it is most reasonable to assume that someone dropped it, and that it was made by a watchmaker and not by natural forces

40
Q

which book rebottled against Darwins black box.

A

The Blind Watchmaker: Why the Evidence of Evolution Reveals a Universe Without Design(Dawkins, 1996)

41
Q

Rebuttal:The Blind Watchmaker: Why the Evidence of Evolution Reveals a Universe Without Design(Dawkins, 1996)

A
  • transition forms do exist
  • systems which are complex today did not have to be so in the past in order to provide a survival advantage; no outside agnate needed to explain the origin of complexity
  • the ‘blind watchmaker’ is natural selection.
42
Q

Intelligent design

A
  • proponents claim that evolutionary theory is flawed; favour conclusions that life is not the product of random mutations.
  • critics claim that intelligent design is a pseudoscience.
  • debate includes court challenges in the U.S allowing intelligent design to be taught/ preventing from being taught.
43
Q

Kitzmiller v. Dovertrial verdict (2005)

A

intelligent design is veiled creationism

44
Q

what did the APA conclude?

A

American Psychological Association concluded that ID is not a science

45
Q

why is intelligent design not a science ?

A
  • it cannot be tested by experiment
  • it does not generate any predictions
  • it proposes no new hypotheses
46
Q

Ethology

A

the scientific study of animal behaviour under natural conditions

47
Q

the three Nobel prize winners involved in ethology

A
  • Konrad Lorenz (b.1903-d.1989)
  • Karl von Frisch (b.1886-d.1982)
  • Nikolas Tinbergen (b.1907-d.1988)
48
Q

Konrad Lorenz (b.1903-d.1989)

A

discovered imprinting in birds

49
Q

Karl von Frisch (b.1886-d.1982)

A

deciphered the meaning of the waggle dance of honey bees

50
Q

Nikolas Tinbergen (b.1907-d.1988)

A

studied mating behaviours of the three-spined stickleback fish

51
Q

who studied species-typical behaviours

A

Nikolas Timbergen

52
Q

species-typical behaviours

A

(orspecies-specific behaviours) exhibited by all members of a certain species
- are characteristic of that species (may even be used to identify the species)
- includefixed action patterns: consistent behaviours elicited by environmental stimuli
» not modifiable
» more complex than a reflex

53
Q

Tinbergen’s (1963) Four Questions of Behaviour

A

Ultimate (evolutionary)explanations(“why” questions about the species):

1. Adaptation (function of the behaviour):
• What survival advantages does the behaviour provide?

2. Phylogeny (evolutionary history of an organism):
• What were the past environments that shaped the behaviour?

3. Causation (mechanisms of the behaviour):
• How is the behaviour triggered by internal processes or environmental conditions?

4. Ontogeny (development of an organism and its behaviours from embryo to maturity):
• How did genetics and the environment interact to establish the behaviour?
54
Q

Proximate explanations

A

“how” questions about the individual

55
Q

Ultimate explanation

A

“why” questions about the species

56
Q

biological preparedness

A

the physical, physiological, and structural adaptations that allow an organism to do certain acts and things.

57
Q

Marler (1970)

A

studied sparrows
a) some hear species-typica song first summer after hatching

b) some hear no songs (deprivation experiment)

only sparrows that hear other sparrow one sang

58
Q

conclusion of Marler’s experiment

A

hearing song X genetic predisposition required to produce behaviour

59
Q

what are the two ways for species-typical behaviour to evolve ?

A
  • analogy

- homology

60
Q

Analogy

A

species have similar characteristic, but evolved separately. convergent evolution

characteristics:
- shows similarity in function and gross form, but differences in underlying structure.
- used to compare common environments to determine adaptive significance

61
Q

convergent evolution

A

evolved independently

62
Q

Homology

A

species evolved in similar ways because they share a common ancestor

characteristics:
- Shows similarity in underlying physiology and mechanisms, but differences in grade function or form.
- Used to trace evolutionary path of a behaviour.

63
Q

Darwin (1859): homologous structures made by bees

A
  • shaped by evolution
  • more efficient configuration gradually developed over
    generations:

bumblebee=>Melipona=>honeybee

  • advantageous to have more efficient shape–more likely to survive and proliferate
64
Q

Guillaume-Benjamin-Amand Duchenne de Boulogne (1862)

A

Mapped facial muscles by applying electrical stimulation; discovered two kinds of smiles:

  • Duchenne smile
  • Non Duchenne smile
65
Q

Duchenne smile

A

Slight crinkling of crows-feet, droop in the eyelid toward the temples, plus a lift of the cheeks and corners of the mouth

66
Q

Non Duchenne smile

A

Involves only muscles of the mouth

67
Q

Darwin (1872): two contexts for smiles:

A

1) Genuine happiness

2) Wish to show your favourable disposed towards another person

68
Q

van Hooff, 1972

A

1)relaxed open-mouthed display

2)silent bared-teeth display

69
Q

Silent bared-teeth display

A
  • thought to indicate submissiveness, non-aggression

- homologous to non-genuine greeting smile

70
Q

Relaxed open-mouthed display

A
  • believed to signal that aggressive like behaviour is only playful
  • homologous to laughter and genuine smile
71
Q

Ekman (1992)

A
  • considers the false smile a derivative of the felt (Duchenne) smile.
  • used in deception–shaped to appear when expected or appropriate in social situations.
72
Q

E.O. Wilson (b.1929)

A
  • sociobiologist who determined ants communicate chemically, a genetically based ability
  • tried to apply findings across species to all animals: To what extent are behaviours genetically determined?
  • wroteSociobiology: The New Synthesis(1975)
73
Q

what does sociobiology focus on?

A

sociobiology focuses on the reproductive aspect of genes
(in contrast, evolutionary psychology studies the adaptive significance of all human behaviours that have evolved through natural selection)

74
Q

Mate selection/parental investment(Trivers, 1972)

A
  • parental investment includes gametes (egg vs. sperm), gestation, feeding, and protection
  • sexual differences in reproductive strategies in humans are based on genetics; should be analogous to other species
  • for proliferation: reproduction
  • males should have sex with many different females (goal: spread genetic material)
  • females should seek best mates (goals: strong offspring; protection?)
75
Q

evidence to male selection / parental investment

A

Todd, Penske, Fasolo, & Lenton (2007)

• participants first filled out dating questionnaires:
- both men and women reported a desire to match with someone similar to themselves (in terms of wealth, status, appearance, healthiness, etc.)

  • this finding replicated previous self-report studies
    • then men and women participated in speed-dating:
  • 20 mini-dates, each lasting 3-7 minutes
  • after the date, each person fills out a card indicating interest in dating that person again
    • results differed from self-

reports:

  • men were generally less discriminating, and chose women based on the women’s physical attractiveness.
  • women were more choosy, and selected men whose mate desirability matched the women’s’ self-perceived attractiveness
76
Q

Monogamous mating system

A

Equal parental investment between the parents. unlikely a single parent can raise the offspring by themselves.

77
Q

Polyandry

A

one female mates with many males

78
Q

Polygynandry

A

all members of the group mate with all other members of the group.

79
Q

Altruism

A
  • helping others increase their chances of survival, but decreases your

two parts of Altruism:

  • kin selection theory
  • inclusive fitness
80
Q

kin selection theory

A

you are Moree likely to help someone, the more(genetically similar they are to you.

81
Q

inclusive fitness

A

you may not survive, but genes close to yours will.

82
Q

reciprocal altruism

A

mutual cooperation assures propagation of both sets of genes.

(u scratch my back ill scratch yours)

83
Q

what is a reputed or criticism to sociobiology

A

biological determinism

84
Q

biological determinism

A
  • biological factors (genes), NOT the environment , govern behaviour.
  • -BUT “what should be” don’t not mean “what is”
  • cultural evolution now shapes our behaviour
  • -BUT cultures was made possible by natural selection.
  • analogies between humans and animals are simplistic
  • -BUT much an be learned about basic principles of behaviour
  • Explanations limited to genetics
  • -BUT genes and environment interact.

PSYCHOLOGY 104 (10 decks)

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