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Biology > Topic 5 - homeostasis and response > Flashcards

Topic 5 - homeostasis and response Flashcards

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1
Q

Label the body

A

A= pituitary gland B=Thyroid C=Adrenal gland D=Pancreas E=Ovaries

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2
Q

What is homeostasis

A

The regulation of internal environment to maintain the optimum conditions for cell and enzyme function

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3
Q

What is the importance of homeostasis

A

To provide the optimum conditions to function properly, including enzymes

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4
Q

2 ways of responding to internal change

A

Nervous system and endocrine system

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5
Q

What is negative feedback

A

Automatic control systems that keep internal environment stable

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6
Q

3 conditions that are regulated

A

Blood glucose levels, body temperature, water levels

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7
Q

Nervous system sequence

A

Stimulus, receptors, coordiator, effector, response

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8
Q

What controls temperature and where is it

A

Thermoregulatory centre in the hypothalamus

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9
Q

How is temperature monitored by the body (2 ways)

A

Thermoregulatory centor has receptors sensetive to blood temperture skin has receptors sensitive to skin temp and sends ipulses to thermoregulatory system

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10
Q

Changes when body temp is too high

A

vascodilation: blood vessels near surface of skin dilate so more heat is lost to environment sweat: evaporation of water takes away heat energy from skin surface

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11
Q

Changes when body temp is too low

A

Vascoconstriction: blood vessels near surface of skin constrict so less heat lost to environment shivering : respirtion allows mucles to contract, and is exothermic so heat is released hairs sstand up: create insulating layer so less heat released

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12
Q

What is the endocrine system

A

Coordination system that uses hormones to provide a long lasting response

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13
Q

What is a hormone

A

Chemical messenger secreted by glnds

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14
Q

Job of hormones

A

Travel in blood to target organ, to cause a response

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15
Q

What secretes hormones

A

glands

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16
Q

Pituitary gland job

A

control other glands

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17
Q

Why is pituitary gland the maset gland

A

It secretes a range of hormones, some of which stimulate other glands to secrete hormones

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18
Q

Role of pituitary gland in endocrine system

A

Secrete growth hormone, stimulate thyroid, ovulation, oestrogen production, sperm and testostirone production

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19
Q

Effector function and what

A

Respond to stimuli, muscles/glands

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20
Q

Thyroxine, where and what

A

Thyroid gland, metabolism, heart rate and body temperature

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21
Q

Insulin where and what

A

pancreas, controls bood glucose levels

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22
Q

Adrenline where and what

A

Adrenal gland, controls ‘fight or flight’ response

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23
Q

Oestrogen where and what

A

Ovaries, coordinates menstral cycle and development of female secondary sexual development

24
Q

Testosterone where and what

A

Testes, coordinates production of sperm and development of male secondary sexual response

25
Q

Pancreas job

A

monitor and control blood glucose concentration

26
Q

Pancreas when blood glucose is too high

A

secretes insulin, which binds receptors on liver and muscles, causing excess glucose to be converted to glucogen and stored

27
Q

Pancreas when blood glucose is too low

A

Secretes glucagon, which binds to liver cells, causing glycogen to be converted to glucose to be released into blood

28
Q

How blood- glucose levels regulated by negative feedback loop

A

When levels are too igh ot low, hormone secreted by pancreas

29
Q

What is type 1 diabetes

A

autoimune disease where pancreas doesn?t produce sufficient enough insulin so blood-sugar levels often high

30
Q

3 symptoms of type 1 diabetes

A

Excessive urination, tiredness, weight gain

31
Q

How can type 1 diabetes be treated

A

Insulin injections, limiting carbohydrate intake, attempts using pancreas and pancreatic cell transpant

32
Q

What is typpe 2 diabetes

A

Disorder where body cels stop responding to insulin, leading to uncontrolled blood-glucose concentration

33
Q

3 risk factors of type 2 diabetes

A

obesity, age , being of south asian decent

34
Q

How can type 2 diabetes be treated

A

Balanced diet, exercise, drugs that increase insulin production and effectiveness

35
Q

What is the function of reproductive hormones during puperty

A

males: cause seconday sexual characteristic development females: cause development of secondary sexual characteristics and maturation of eggs

36
Q

What is tropism

A

The response of a plant to a specific stimulus

37
Q

What is phototropism

A

Response of pants shoot or root to light

38
Q

What is gravitropism

A

response of plants shoot or root to gravity

39
Q

what is auxin

A

The hormone that controls the groeth of a plant’s shoots and roots.

40
Q

What does uneven distribution of auxine cause

A

the rate of grwoth will be unequal

41
Q

How do plants respond to phototropism

A

The sie of the plant in the shade recieves more auxin so grows faster and bends toward the light so photosynthesis can occur faster

42
Q

How plants negatively rspond to gravity

A

In horizontal shoots, auxin accumulates in lower side due to gravity, cells on lower side of shoot grow more, causing the shoot to bend away from the direction of gravity

43
Q

How do plants positively respond to gravity

A

In horizontal roots, auxin accumulates in lower side, cuasing cells to grow less, root bends in direction of gravity, so more nutrients are available

44
Q

What are gibberellins

A

Type of planty hormone involved in seed germination

45
Q

What is ethene

A

Type of plant hormne involved in cell division and ripening

46
Q

2 uses of auxins

A

Weedkillers as cells rapidly grow so kill the plants, rooting powder allowing new plants to grow at fast rate

47
Q

1 use of ethene

A

Controlng food ripening- allows fruit to be ripened just before they are sold

48
Q

3 uses of gibberellins

A

Termination of seed dormancy, promotion of flowering, increase fruit size

49
Q

what is seed dormacy

A

prevention of seeds germinating

50
Q

In what 3 ways is water lost from the body

A

During exhailation via the lungs, sweating, urine

51
Q

How are ions lost in the body

A

Sweating, urine

52
Q

How are excess amino acids extracted from the body

A

Excess amino acids are deaminated in the liver to form amonia, amonia is toxic so converted into urea which is excreted via sweat and urine

53
Q

How do the kidneys mintain the balance of water and other substances in the body

A

Ultrafiltration: filter blood to remove wate products, selective reabsorbtion: useful molecules selected, like glucose, water and ions

54
Q

What does ADH do

A

When blood too concentrated, more ADH secreted, which travels in the blood to kidney and increases the permeability of kidney tubles to water , more water is reabsorbed in kidneys, so more concentrated urine

55
Q

Why kidney failure is dangeous

A

A build up of toxic materials in body and uncontrolled ion/water balance in cells reulting in cell damage

56
Q

2 treatments for kidney failure

A

Dialysis and transplant

57
Q

what is kidney dialysis

A

Use of machines to carry out functio of kidney, dialysis fluid contains same concentration of glucose and ions as healthy blood, only excess and waste molecules herefore lost from blood and glucose and ions remain

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