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Biology > Topic 1 - Cell biology > Flashcards

Topic 1 - Cell biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are prokaryotic cells, e.g.

A

Simpler, smaller cells
bacteria

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2
Q

What are eukaryotic cells, e.g.

A

More complex cells
Animal and plant

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3
Q

Cell membane job

A

Hold cell together and control what enters and leaves the cell

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4
Q

Cytoplasm job

A

Jelly like substance where most chemical reactions take place

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5
Q

How nerve cells are adapted (3)

A
  • Long axon allows impulses to be transmitted all over the body from the CNS
  • Dentrites (branched connections) conect to other nerve cels and form netwroks around the body
  • Myelin sheath insulates axon and speeds up transmission of impulses
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6
Q

Importance of differentiation

A

Allows production of different tissues and organs that perorm various vital functions in the human body

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7
Q

How often do bacteria multiply and in what conditions

A

Once every 20 mnutes when there are enough nutrients and it is warm

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8
Q

3 main cell cycle stages

A

1) Replication
2) Mitosis
3) Division of cells

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9
Q

Equation for time in phase of mitosis

A

Observed no. of cells at stage
—————————————— x total time of cell cycle
Total number of cells

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10
Q

Define magnification

A

Number of times bigger an image appears compared to size of real object

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11
Q

How does an electron microsope work

A
  • Beams of electrons focused ysing magnets
  • Electrons hit fluorescent screen
  • Visible light is emitted
  • Image is produced
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12
Q

What is prokaryotic cell wall mafe of

A

Peptidoglycan

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13
Q

Define reolution

A

Smallest distance between two objects that can be distinguished

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14
Q

Where are genes

A

In chromosomes

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15
Q

What has to happen before mitosis

A
  • Cell grows and increases subcellular structures
  • DNA then dublicated and forms x shape chromosomes
  • Each arm is an exact double
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16
Q

What does dilute mean

A

Solution has less solute

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17
Q

What 2 places is DNA stored in prokaryotic cells

A

Plasmids
single loop of circular DNA

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18
Q

What are plasmids and their role

A

Small O loop of DNA
Carry genes that provide genetic advantages

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19
Q

4 ways sperms adapted

A

Streamline head to swim faster
Long tail to help swim to egg
Mitochondria in head for optimal energy
Contains enzyme that digests the cell membrane of an egg

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20
Q

2 ways muscle cells have adapted

A
  • Long for space to contract
    • Lots of mitochondria to generate energy needed for contraction
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21
Q

2 root hair cell adaptations

A
  • Large surface area to absorb nutrients and water from surrounding soil
  • Lots of mittochondria for active transport
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22
Q

What is defferentiation

A

Process by which cells become specialised

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23
Q

How do light microscopes work

A

-Beam of light passed through eypiece lens allowing specimen to be observed

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24
Q

4 advantages of light microscopes

A
  • Inexpensive
  • Easy to use
  • Portable
  • Observe ded and living specimins
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25
Q

Disadvantage of light microsopes

A

Limited resolution

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26
Q

Advantage of electron microsope

A

Greater magnification and resolution

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27
Q

How electron microsopes help cel knowledge

A

Allows for subcelllar strutures to be observed in detail

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28
Q

4 diadvantages of electron microscope

A
  • Expensive
  • Large soless portable
  • Require specialist training
  • Only dead specimins can be observed
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29
Q

Magnification euation

A

image/object

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30
Q

How does bacteria multiply

A

binary fission

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31
Q

Why steralise petri dish and culture medium before use

A

to kill any bacteria already present

32
Q

Why pass incolating loop through bunsen burner

A

Kil any bacteria on the loop

33
Q

Why secure petri dish with tape and store upside down

A
  • Stop bacteria in air contaminating
  • Not fully taped so can have O2 for aerobic respiration
  • Upside down so condensation doesnt form
34
Q

Incubation temperature at school and why

A

250 as any higher, harmful pathogens would grow

35
Q

Number of bacteria adfter 3 hours for population that divides every 15 minutes with 5 to begin

A

15m = 0.25h

3/0.25 = 12

5 x 212= 20480

36
Q

Whats a stem cell

A

An unspecialied cell capable of differentiating into other cel types and of self-renewal

37
Q

2 things embryonic stem cells can treat

A

paralysis

diabetes

38
Q

Where are adult stem cells

A

bone marrow

39
Q

where are plant stem cells

A

meristem

40
Q

Describe mitosis (6)

A
  • Chromosomes libe up at the centre of the cell
  • Spindle fibres pull them apart
  • 2 arms of each chromosome go to oppposite ends of the cell
  • Membrane forms around the new set of chromosomes
  • These become the nuclei of 2 new cells
  • Cytopasm and cell membrane divide into 2, providing 2 identical daughter cels
    *
41
Q

Describe bnary fission (4)

A
  • Circular DNA strands and plasmids replicate
  • Cell gets biger and DNA strands move to the opposite poles of the cell
  • Cytoplasm begins to divide and a new cell wall forms
  • Cytoplasm divides and 2 daughter cells with one cpy of singl strand of DNA and varied number of plasmids produced
42
Q

Example of active of transport in humans e.g.

A

Gut, where theres lower concentration of nutrients than in the blood, where they need to be

43
Q

1 mm in micro and nanometres

A

1000 micrometres

1000000 nanometres

44
Q

Permanent vacuole structure and job

A

contains cel sap, made of a weak solution of salt and sugar

supports cell and hold turgidity

45
Q

What are chromosomes

A

Coiled up lengths of DNA molecules

46
Q

What does a large membrane to surface area do to diffusion rate and why

A

increase it as more particles can pass through at once

47
Q

What is the cell cyle

A

Series of 3 stages during ehich a cell divides

48
Q

Mitochondria

A

Where most aerobic respirations happen

49
Q

Ribosomes

A

Wherw protein synthesis happens

50
Q

Cell wall

A

Rigid and made of cellulose

suport the cell

51
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Contains chlorophyll to absorb light for photosynthesis

52
Q

5 organelles in bacteria

A

Cell wall

Cel membrane

cytoplasm

single strand of DNA

Plasmids

53
Q

organelle not in bacteria

A

Mitochondria

54
Q

Were are chromosomes

A

In the nucleus

55
Q

What do genes do

A

Control development of different characteristics

56
Q

How many copies of each chromosome do body cells have and where are they from

A

2 mother and father

57
Q

How many pairs pof chromosomes in humans

A

23

58
Q

What is mitosis

A

Stage of cell cyle when cell divides

59
Q

Why is mitosis done

A

To grow or replace damaged cells

60
Q

What does chromosome pair 23 determine

A

sex

61
Q

What is chromosome pair 23 if male

A

What does it mean if chromosome pair 23 is XY

62
Q

What is chromosome pair 23 if female

A

What does it mean if chromosme 23 is XX

63
Q

What is diffusion

A

Spreading out of particles from higher to lower concentration

64
Q

What states does diffusion happen in and why

A

Solutions and gases as they are both free to move about randomly

65
Q

Relationship between concentration gradient and diffusion rate

A

Bigger CG the faster the rate of diffusion

66
Q

How does temperature affect diffusion rate and why

A

Increases as more energy so particles move faster

67
Q

What molecules can diffuse through membrane + 4 examples

A

Very small

O2, Glucose, H2O, amino acids

68
Q

2 molecules that can’t diffuse through membrane

A

Startch and proteins

69
Q

What is osmosis

A

Movement of water molecles accross a semi-permiable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to lower water concetration

70
Q

What is the division of prokaryotic cells called

A

Binary fission

71
Q

What is a solute

A

The substance that is dissolved

72
Q

What is a solvent

A

The substance in which the solute dissolves

73
Q

What is a hypertonic solution + what will happen to cell + why

A

Concentration gretaer outside the cell that inside

Animal cells become shrivvled

plant cells become plasmolised

74
Q

What is a hypotonic solution + what will happen to cell + why

A

Solutio is lower outside cel than inside the cell

Animal cell bursts : lysis

Plant cell beocmes turgid

75
Q

What is a isotonic solution + what will happen to cell + why

A

Solution concentration inside and outside of the cell are the same

Animal cells beocme flacid

plant cels become flacid

76
Q

Why can’t root hair cells use diffusion to get minerals

A

Conc of minerals is higher in cell than soil, so minerals would be moving out of the plant

77
Q

What is active transport

A

The movement of particles throgh a semi permiable membrane agains the concentration gradient, from an area of low to high concentration using energy `

Biology (9 decks)

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