Topic 2 - Organisiation Flashcards
1
Q
Explain the effects of PH on enzymes
A
Too high, or low, the bonds in the enzyme are interfeared with so they become denatured and substrate can’t fit inside
2
Q
Describe the process of blood flow in the heart (4)
A
- Blood enters the right atrium via the vena cava
- Atria contracts and forces blood inot the right ventricle and cause the valves to shut
- Ventricle contracts, blood in right ventricle enters pulmonary artery and goes to lungs
- Blood goes to Left atrium from pulmonary vein then to the left ventricle and to aorta inot the body
3
Q
What carries different components of blood around the body
A
Plasma
4
Q
2 disadvantages of stents
A
- Infection risk
- Blod clot risk at site of stent
5
Q
What are statins
A
Drugs that reduce the level of cholesterol
6
Q
What is heart bypass surgery
A
Surgery where blocked coronary arteries are replaced with veins from other parts of the body
7
Q
Job of the right ventricle
A
Pump blood to the lungs
8
Q
Job of left ventricle
A
Pump blood to body tissues
9
Q
Why is it important to have a double circulatory system
A
More efficient as more oxygen is pumped around the body at high pressure by the left ventricle
10
Q
Direction of blood flow
A
Vena cava—Right atrium—Right ventricle—Pulmonary artery—Lungs—Pulmonary vein—Left atrium—Left ventricle—Aorta—Body
11
Q
What is a casual mechanism
A
A direct link made between risk factor and a disease
12
Q
2 adaptations of epidermal tissue
A
- Covers entire plant
- Waxy cuticle to help reduce water loss
13
Q
6 tissues in plant organ
A
- Epidermis
- Palisade mesophyll
- Spongey mesophyll
- Xylem
- Phloem
- Gaurd cells
14
Q
2 advantages of statins
A
- Risk of heart attack, strokes and CHD decreased
- Increases level of HDL (good) cholesterol
15
Q
Adaptation of palisade mesophyll tissue
A
-Lots of chloroplasts as most photosynthesis takes place here
16
Q
2 adaptations of Xylem
A
- made of dead cells which form a hollow tube to allow water and minerals to move
- Strengthened by lignin which makes it strong and waterproof
17
Q
What does amylase do
A
Breaks down starch into maltose and other simple sugars
18
Q
2 places lipases are produced
A
Small intestine
pancreas
19
Q
What happens in the salivery glands
A
Aylase is produced in saliva
20
Q
Food test for sugars and result
A
- Benedicts solution
- Add to tube and shake
- Add to water bath of 750C
- Blue → green, yellow or brick red
21
Q
What do capillaries do
A
Exchange of materials at tissues
22
Q
3 components of the circulatory system
A
=heart
- blood
- blood vessels
23
Q
What is metabolism
A
sum of all reactions in an organism
24
Q
2 things that bile does
A
- Neutralises hydrochloric acid from the stomach and allows enzymes in small intestine to work at optimum PH
- Emulsifies lipids to form droplets and increase surface area to break down lipids more easily
25
Purpose of circulatory system
Carries oxygen and othr uselful substances to bodily tissues and removes waste material
26
How double circulatory system works
- One pathway carries blood from heart to lungs
- Other pathway carries blood from heart tissue
27
What happens in lungs
Gaseous exchange of O2 and CO2
28
4 heart chambres
Right and left atrium and ventricles
29
Left ventricle adaptation
Thicker wall as has to pump blood at higher pressure around body
30
Aorta job and location
Carry oxygen from heart to body
left of heart
31
Pulmonary vein job and location
Carries oxygen to heart from lungs
left
32
Vena cava job and location
Caries deoxygenated blood from body to heart
right
33
Pulmonary artery job and location
Carries deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs
34
Job of valves in the heart
Prevent the backflow of blood
35
Coronary arteries job
carries oxygenated blood to heart
36
What carries oxygenated blood to heart
Coronary arteries
37
Resting heart rate
70bpm
38
How heart rate is controlled
Group of cells in the right atrium act as pacemaker and release electric impulses and cause heart muscles to contract
39
Treatment for abnormal heat rythm and how it works
Pacemaker whcih releases electrical signals
40
Veins adaptations (2)
- wide lumen to enable low pressure and alow more blood to travel around body
- Have valves to prevent backflow
41
2 adaptations of capilleries
- 1 cell thick for a short diffusion path
- Permeabe walls so substances diffuse
42
How and where gas exchange occurs
- O2 diffuse from alveoli to bloodstream down the concentration gradient
- CO2 diffuses from capilaries to alveolidown the concentration gradient
43
3 ways alveoli are adapted
- Small clusters for increased surface area
- rich blood supply to maintain concentration gradient
- Thin walls for short diffusion path
44
What is coronary heart disease
When coronary arteries become blocked up with fatty material so the oxygen spply to hear i limited
45
What is a stent
a mesh tube that opens artery and keeps open, inflated by baloon
46
3 advantages of stents
- No general anaesthetic needed
- Quick recovery
- reuces heart attack risk
47
3 Disadvantages of statins
- Have to be continuously taken
- May have side effects
- Effects may not be immediate
48
What hapens with leaky heart valve
Blood flows in wrong direction so heart is less efficient, cuasing breathlesness and may cause death
49
2 types of replacement valves and what they are
- Mechanical = made of polymers or metal
- Biological = From animals
50
1 advantge and 2 disadvantages of mechanical valve
- Lasts long time
- Need to take anti-clot medication for site of valve
- Infection risk in surgery
51
Advantage and disadvantage of biological valve
- less risk of clots
- Only lasts 12-15 years
52
Purpose of artificial heart
To spport patients while waiting for a donor heart
53
2 advantages and 3 disadvantages of artificial hearts
adv:
- Less likely to be rejected
- Allows damaged heart to rest
disadv:
- Infection risk from surgery
- Blood clot risk
- Blood thiner drugs needed
54
What is health
The state of physical and mental wellbeing
55
What is a risk factor
lifestyle or genetic factor that increases chance of developing a disease
56
Adaptation of spongy mesophyll tissue
Lots of air spaces for gases to diffuse in nd out
57
2 adaptations of Phloem
- made of elongated living cells
- Seive plates to connect, so that cell sap can move through plates into other cells
58
Adaptation of meristem tissue
made of stem cells, so allows plant to grow
59
Function of gaurd cells
control opneing and closing of stomata according to water and gas content of plant
60
2 Stomata adaptations
- More space to minimise water less as bottom= cooler
- Have gaurd cels to control them
61
2 adaptations of rot hair cells
- Lots of mitochondria for active transport
- Large surface area to maximise ate of absorbtion
62
What is translocation
the movement of dissolve sugars from leaves to other parts of plant
63
what is transpiration
Evaporation of water from plant surface
64
How transpiration works
- water evaporates from surface by stomata
- More water is pulled up the xylem
65
Xylem and phloem function
x= transport water and mineral ions from roots to leaves
p= translocation→ transport food from leaves to rest of plant
66
What is a transpiration stream
movement of water from roots through xylem out leaves
67
4 factors that affcet transpiration and how
- Temp= increased temp leads to increased evaporation and diffusion so translocation rate increases
- Humidity = increased humidity measn conc gradient is decreased so translocation rate decreases
- Wind speed= increased speed means less water conc outside leaf so conc gradient increases and translocation rate increases
- Light intensity = increased light intensity increases photosynthesis, so more stomata open so translocation rate increases
68
Job of RBC
Carry oxygen from lungs to body cells
69
How do enzymes work
- has active site which is specific to substrate
- Substrate attatches to enzyme's active site and catylises the breakdown of substrate
- Products released from active site and active site stays same shape so used again
70
2 adaptations of arteries
- Thick muscle walls to cope with blood pumped out at high pressure
- Elastic fibres in walls so can strech and recoil to help with pressure of blood
71
Label A,B,C,D
A= substrate
B=Active site
C=Enzyme
D=Products
72
Explaine effect of temperature on enzymes
-Increases rate of reation till reaches optimum then starts to denature
Bonds in enzyme break nd acive site changes shape
73
What is pepsin, what is it's PH and why
Enzyme that breaks down protein in stomach
2 as in stomach, whcih releases HCL
74
What do digestive enzymes do and why
Break down large insoluble molecules to small soluble ones so they can be bsorbed inot bloodstream
75
What is digestion
Breakdown of large insoluble molecules inot smaler soluble ones to get all nutrients you need inot bloodstream
76
What do carbohydrases do
break down carbohydrates inot simple sugars
77
What do proteases do
Break down proteins to amino acids
78
What is protease called in the stomach
Pepsin
79
What do lipases do
Break down lipids to glycerol and fatty acids
80
3 places amylase is produced
- Small intestine
- Pancreas
- Salivery gland
81
3 places protease are produced
Stomach
pancreas
small intestine
82
Where is bile stored and produced
Store = gall bladder
made= Liver
83
Where bile released
Small intestine
84
What is meant by fat being emulsified
Broken down into timny droplets
85
What happen in the small intestine
Enzymes produced and nutrients absorbed through villi into blood
86
What happens in the large intestine
Excess water absorbed from food
87
2 resons the stomach produces HCl
- Kill pathogens
- Give optimum temp for pepsin
88
Food test for starch and result
- Add iodine to tube and shake
- Brown/orange → black/ blue
89
Food test for proteins and result
- Add biuret and shake
- Blue → lilac
90
Food test for fats and result
- Ethanol
- Ciover and shake vigourously and allow to settle
- add hot wat-er
Clear → milky-white emulsification
91
What does bile do to fat and why does it speed up digestion
Emulsifies it, so gives larger surface area of fat for lipase to work on
92
Shape of RBC's
Biconcave disc
93
What does RBC shape do
Gives large surface area for absorbing oxygen
94
red blood cell adaptations
- no nucleus so more oxygen can be absorbed
- Contains haemoglobin which attatches to oxygen
95
WBC's job
Fight off infections
96
What do arteries do
Carry blood away from heart
97
What do veins do
carry blood to heart
98
what is an enzyme
Protein that is a biologicl catalyst
