Topic 2 - Organisiation Flashcards
Explain the effects of PH on enzymes
Too high, or low, the bonds in the enzyme are interfeared with so they become denatured and substrate can’t fit inside
Describe the process of blood flow in the heart (4)
- Blood enters the right atrium via the vena cava
- Atria contracts and forces blood inot the right ventricle and cause the valves to shut
- Ventricle contracts, blood in right ventricle enters pulmonary artery and goes to lungs
- Blood goes to Left atrium from pulmonary vein then to the left ventricle and to aorta inot the body
What carries different components of blood around the body
Plasma
2 disadvantages of stents
- Infection risk
- Blod clot risk at site of stent
What are statins
Drugs that reduce the level of cholesterol
What is heart bypass surgery
Surgery where blocked coronary arteries are replaced with veins from other parts of the body
Job of the right ventricle
Pump blood to the lungs
Job of left ventricle
Pump blood to body tissues
Why is it important to have a double circulatory system
More efficient as more oxygen is pumped around the body at high pressure by the left ventricle
Direction of blood flow
Vena cava—Right atrium—Right ventricle—Pulmonary artery—Lungs—Pulmonary vein—Left atrium—Left ventricle—Aorta—Body
What is a casual mechanism
A direct link made between risk factor and a disease
2 adaptations of epidermal tissue
- Covers entire plant
- Waxy cuticle to help reduce water loss
6 tissues in plant organ
- Epidermis
- Palisade mesophyll
- Spongey mesophyll
- Xylem
- Phloem
- Gaurd cells
2 advantages of statins
- Risk of heart attack, strokes and CHD decreased
- Increases level of HDL (good) cholesterol
Adaptation of palisade mesophyll tissue
-Lots of chloroplasts as most photosynthesis takes place here
2 adaptations of Xylem
- made of dead cells which form a hollow tube to allow water and minerals to move
- Strengthened by lignin which makes it strong and waterproof
What does amylase do
Breaks down starch into maltose and other simple sugars
2 places lipases are produced
Small intestine
pancreas
What happens in the salivery glands
Aylase is produced in saliva
Food test for sugars and result
- Benedicts solution
- Add to tube and shake
- Add to water bath of 750C
- Blue → green, yellow or brick red
What do capillaries do
Exchange of materials at tissues
3 components of the circulatory system
=heart
- blood
- blood vessels
What is metabolism
sum of all reactions in an organism
2 things that bile does
- Neutralises hydrochloric acid from the stomach and allows enzymes in small intestine to work at optimum PH
- Emulsifies lipids to form droplets and increase surface area to break down lipids more easily
Purpose of circulatory system
Carries oxygen and othr uselful substances to bodily tissues and removes waste material
How double circulatory system works
- One pathway carries blood from heart to lungs
- Other pathway carries blood from heart tissue
What happens in lungs
Gaseous exchange of O2 and CO2
4 heart chambres
Right and left atrium and ventricles
Left ventricle adaptation
Thicker wall as has to pump blood at higher pressure around body
Aorta job and location
Carry oxygen from heart to body
left of heart
Pulmonary vein job and location
Carries oxygen to heart from lungs
left
Vena cava job and location
Caries deoxygenated blood from body to heart
right
Pulmonary artery job and location
Carries deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs
Job of valves in the heart
Prevent the backflow of blood
Coronary arteries job
carries oxygenated blood to heart
What carries oxygenated blood to heart
Coronary arteries
Resting heart rate
70bpm
How heart rate is controlled
Group of cells in the right atrium act as pacemaker and release electric impulses and cause heart muscles to contract
Treatment for abnormal heat rythm and how it works
Pacemaker whcih releases electrical signals
Veins adaptations (2)
- wide lumen to enable low pressure and alow more blood to travel around body
- Have valves to prevent backflow
2 adaptations of capilleries
- 1 cell thick for a short diffusion path
- Permeabe walls so substances diffuse
How and where gas exchange occurs
- O2 diffuse from alveoli to bloodstream down the concentration gradient
- CO2 diffuses from capilaries to alveolidown the concentration gradient
3 ways alveoli are adapted
- Small clusters for increased surface area
- rich blood supply to maintain concentration gradient
- Thin walls for short diffusion path
What is coronary heart disease
When coronary arteries become blocked up with fatty material so the oxygen spply to hear i limited
What is a stent
a mesh tube that opens artery and keeps open, inflated by baloon
3 advantages of stents
- No general anaesthetic needed
- Quick recovery
- reuces heart attack risk
3 Disadvantages of statins
- Have to be continuously taken
- May have side effects
- Effects may not be immediate
What hapens with leaky heart valve
Blood flows in wrong direction so heart is less efficient, cuasing breathlesness and may cause death
2 types of replacement valves and what they are
- Mechanical = made of polymers or metal
- Biological = From animals
1 advantge and 2 disadvantages of mechanical valve
- Lasts long time
- Need to take anti-clot medication for site of valve
- Infection risk in surgery
Advantage and disadvantage of biological valve
- less risk of clots
- Only lasts 12-15 years
Purpose of artificial heart
To spport patients while waiting for a donor heart
2 advantages and 3 disadvantages of artificial hearts
adv:
- Less likely to be rejected
- Allows damaged heart to rest
disadv:
- Infection risk from surgery
- Blood clot risk
- Blood thiner drugs needed
What is health
The state of physical and mental wellbeing
What is a risk factor
lifestyle or genetic factor that increases chance of developing a disease
Adaptation of spongy mesophyll tissue
Lots of air spaces for gases to diffuse in nd out
2 adaptations of Phloem
- made of elongated living cells
- Seive plates to connect, so that cell sap can move through plates into other cells
Adaptation of meristem tissue
made of stem cells, so allows plant to grow
Function of gaurd cells
control opneing and closing of stomata according to water and gas content of plant
2 Stomata adaptations
- More space to minimise water less as bottom= cooler
- Have gaurd cels to control them
2 adaptations of rot hair cells
- Lots of mitochondria for active transport
- Large surface area to maximise ate of absorbtion
What is translocation
the movement of dissolve sugars from leaves to other parts of plant
what is transpiration
Evaporation of water from plant surface
How transpiration works
- water evaporates from surface by stomata
- More water is pulled up the xylem
Xylem and phloem function
x= transport water and mineral ions from roots to leaves
p= translocation→ transport food from leaves to rest of plant
What is a transpiration stream
movement of water from roots through xylem out leaves
4 factors that affcet transpiration and how
- Temp= increased temp leads to increased evaporation and diffusion so translocation rate increases
- Humidity = increased humidity measn conc gradient is decreased so translocation rate decreases
- Wind speed= increased speed means less water conc outside leaf so conc gradient increases and translocation rate increases
- Light intensity = increased light intensity increases photosynthesis, so more stomata open so translocation rate increases
Job of RBC
Carry oxygen from lungs to body cells
How do enzymes work
- has active site which is specific to substrate
- Substrate attatches to enzyme’s active site and catylises the breakdown of substrate
- Products released from active site and active site stays same shape so used again
2 adaptations of arteries
- Thick muscle walls to cope with blood pumped out at high pressure
- Elastic fibres in walls so can strech and recoil to help with pressure of blood
Label A,B,C,D
A= substrate
B=Active site
C=Enzyme
D=Products
Explaine effect of temperature on enzymes
-Increases rate of reation till reaches optimum then starts to denature
Bonds in enzyme break nd acive site changes shape
What is pepsin, what is it’s PH and why
Enzyme that breaks down protein in stomach
2 as in stomach, whcih releases HCL
What do digestive enzymes do and why
Break down large insoluble molecules to small soluble ones so they can be bsorbed inot bloodstream
What is digestion
Breakdown of large insoluble molecules inot smaler soluble ones to get all nutrients you need inot bloodstream
What do carbohydrases do
break down carbohydrates inot simple sugars
What do proteases do
Break down proteins to amino acids
What is protease called in the stomach
Pepsin
What do lipases do
Break down lipids to glycerol and fatty acids
3 places amylase is produced
- Small intestine
- Pancreas
- Salivery gland
3 places protease are produced
Stomach
pancreas
small intestine
Where is bile stored and produced
Store = gall bladder
made= Liver
Where bile released
Small intestine
What is meant by fat being emulsified
Broken down into timny droplets
What happen in the small intestine
Enzymes produced and nutrients absorbed through villi into blood
What happens in the large intestine
Excess water absorbed from food
2 resons the stomach produces HCl
- Kill pathogens
- Give optimum temp for pepsin
Food test for starch and result
- Add iodine to tube and shake
- Brown/orange → black/ blue
Food test for proteins and result
- Add biuret and shake
- Blue → lilac
Food test for fats and result
- Ethanol
- Ciover and shake vigourously and allow to settle
- add hot wat-er
Clear → milky-white emulsification
What does bile do to fat and why does it speed up digestion
Emulsifies it, so gives larger surface area of fat for lipase to work on
Shape of RBC’s
Biconcave disc
What does RBC shape do
Gives large surface area for absorbing oxygen
red blood cell adaptations
- no nucleus so more oxygen can be absorbed
- Contains haemoglobin which attatches to oxygen
WBC’s job
Fight off infections
What do arteries do
Carry blood away from heart
What do veins do
carry blood to heart
what is an enzyme
Protein that is a biologicl catalyst
