Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Not in GCSE > Flashcards

Not in GCSE Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Label the brain

A

A= cerebral cortex B=medulla C=Optic nerve D=cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cereberal cortex function

A

Controls memory, intelligence, langugae and conciousness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Cerebelum function

A

Control muscular coordiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Medulla function

A

Cotrol unconcious activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How does the eye focus on far away objects

A

1) ciliory muscles relax 2)Suspensory ligaments tighten 3)Lens becomes thinner so light rays are refracted weakly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is myopia

A

Short sightedness, when lens becomes too curved, light focused in front of the retina so images apper blury far away

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Treatment for myopia

A

glasses with concave lens, which spreads light rays out, so can be focused on retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is hyperopia

A

Long-sightedness, lens is too flat, light focused behind retina so images appear out of focus when close

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Treatment for hyperopia

A

lasses with convex, brings light rays together, so can focused on retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

2 types of contact lenses

A

hard- rigid material, lastslong and must always be kept sterile soft-flexible material that last for shorter time, but are more comfortable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is laser eye surgery

A

Use of lasers to fix visual defects in adults

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Laser eye surgery for myopia

A

lasers reduce tickness of cornea so light refacted less strongly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Laser eye surgery for hyperopia

A

lasers alter curvature of cornea so light is refracted correctly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Risks of lens replacement

A

retina damage, infection, cataracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is lens replacement

A

Treats hyperopia, natural lens removed ad artificial, clear, plastic is inserted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Function and structure of retina

A

light stimulates retina ells, impulses sent to brain, light sensitive layer at back of eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Function and structure of sclera

A

Protects internal structures, tough outer layer of eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Lable the eye

A

A= suspensory ligaments B= retina C=optic nerve D=sclera E=ciliary muscle F=lens G=pupil H=cornea I=iris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Function and structure of cornea

A

Lets light into eye and allows light to be focused onto retina cirved transparent layer at front of eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Function and structure of iris

A

Controls size of pupil by contracting and relaxing, allows eye to adjust to bright and dim light, muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How iris alters pupil in bright light

A

Circular muscles contract, redial muscles relax, pupils smaller to avoid retinal damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How iris alters pupil in dim light

A

Circular muscles relax, radial muscles contract, pupils get larger so more light can enter eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is accommodation

A

Alteration of lens’ shape to focus on near or distant object

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How eye focuses on nearby object

A

Ciliary muscles contact, suspensory lgaments loosen, lens becomes thicker and more curved-light rays refracted strongly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How scientists determine brain function

A

Study patients with brain damage, electrical stimulation of he brain, MRI scans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Eye receptors stimuli

A

Ligh/colour change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Main fnctions of structures in the eye (2)

A

Focusing on near or distant objects-accomidation, adapting to bright and dim light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Function and structure of optic nerve

A

Carry impulses to the rain so images can be visualised, conects eys to brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Label the kidney

A

A= medula B=renal artery C=renal vein D=Ureter E=Cortex F=Renal pelvis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Cortex function kidney

A

filter large molecules from blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Renal artery function kidney

A

Bring blood to kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Reanal vein function kidney

A

Take blood away from kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Renal pelvis function kidney

A

Collects urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Medulla function kidney

A

water, salt and urea removed from blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Ureter function kidney

A

Takes urine from kidney to blader

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is cancer

A

Development of tumour as a result of uncontrolled and rapid cell division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Benign tumour

A

Tumous grow till no space so stays in one space - not cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Malignant tumour

A

Grows and spreads to other healthy tissues by blood to form secondary tumours - cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

4 risk factors of tumours

A
  • Fauly genetics
  • Smoking
  • Obesity
  • ionising radiation
  • Viral infection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

<p>Job of platelets</p>

A

<p>Help clot blood and stop pathogens entering</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Job of platelets

A

Help clot blood and stop pathogens entering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

why do you respire when doing exercise

A

Muscles contract more so ore energy needed

43
Q

Why breathing rate and volume increase when exercising

A

To get more oxygen into the blood

44
Q

why heart rate increases when exercising

A

To get more oxygenated blood around body faster and remove carbon dioxide faster

45
Q

Nervous system function

A

Allows body to react to surroundings and coordinate a response

46
Q

How does a stimulus lead to a reflex reaction

A

1)The receptors detect a change in environments 2) receptors pass electrical impulses along sensory neurons to the CNS 3)The CNS coordinates appropate response to relay neurons, which stimulate the motot neurons 4) impulses sent to effectors, which carry out function

47
Q

Main 3 components of automatic control systems

A

Receptors, coordination cnter and effectors

48
Q

what 3 components do all control systems have

A

Receptors, coordinator and effectors

49
Q

Receptor function

A

Detect change in external/internal environment

50
Q

Coordinator function

A

Obtain and process info rom receptors

51
Q

How reflex actions occur via reflex arc

A

1) Stimulus detected by receptors and electrical ompulses sent along sensory neurone to spinal cord 2)Chemical diffuses across synapse and stimulates new impulse passed to relay neuron 3) same happens at synapse between relay and moto neurone 4) effectos carry out a response

52
Q

What is a reflex action

A

Automatic rapid response to external stimulus that requires no concious input

53
Q

Reflex actions importance

A

Aid survival and prevent bodily harm

54
Q

Main male reproductive hormone

A

testosterone which contols sperm production

55
Q

Main female reproductive hormone

A

oestrogen, which is involved in the menstral cycle

56
Q

What is the mensural cycle

A

monthly cycle of physiological chnages that occur in females, involving the shedding of the uterus lining and ovulation

57
Q

Describe the events of the menstural cycle (3)

A

1) uterus lining thivkens and eggs begin to mature in ovaries 2) An egg is released from one ovary (ovulation) 3) If the egg is fertilised, pregnancy occurs, if not, egg an uterus lining shed during menstration

58
Q

What is ovulation

A

Te release of a mature egg from the ovaries, which ccurs approximately every 28 days

59
Q

4 hormones involved in menstural cycle

A

oestrogen, progesterone, folicle stimulating hormone (FHS), luteinsing hormone (LH)

60
Q

Role of FSH in menstral cycle

A

Secreted by pituitary gland, controls maturation of egs within ovaries and trigers the production of oestrogen in ovaries

61
Q

Role of oestrogen in menstral cycle

A

Released because of FSH and causes the uterus lining to regrow, trigers production of LH and restricts the production of more FSH

62
Q

Role of LH in menstral cycle

A

Produced by pituitary gland as a result of oestrogen, release trigers ovulation

63
Q

Role of proesterone in menstral cycle

A

Secreted by follicle of ovary, sustains uterus lining and inhibites FSH and LH production

64
Q

What is contraception

A

Any method that prevents pregnancy

65
Q

What are 2 types of oral contraception

A

Comined contraceptive pill that contains oestrogen and progesterone, mini pill that only contains progesterone

66
Q

How does contraceptive pill prevent pregnancy

A

Inhibits the production of FSH so eggs don’t mature, the lining of uterus is not developed so eg can’t implant there, cervical mucus is thickened so sperm is impbalised

67
Q

What is a contraceptive patch

A

patch that is placed on skin for 7 days at a time containing oestrogen and progesterone

68
Q

What is the contraceptive implant

A

Small rod inserted under skin which continuously releases progesterone for 3 years

69
Q

What is the contraceptive injection

A

Injectio that lasts 3 months and contains progesterone

70
Q

What is the IUS

A

Small plastic device inserted in the uterus, releases progesterone hich thickens cervical mucus and prevents the build up of uterine lining

71
Q

What is the IUD

A

small copper-containing device inserted uterus which prevents implantation of embryos

72
Q

What is a spermicide

A

A chemicl that kills or imobilises sperm- not very effective

73
Q

What is a barier method of contraception

A

Physical separation of sperm and egg

74
Q

2 barrier methods and what they do

A

condom: sheath on penis or in vagina that protects agains STI’s aswell Diaohragms: thin cap over cervix that prevents sperm entering

75
Q

2 ypes of surgical contraception and what

A

Sterilisation- sperm ducts tied (vasectomy) Oviducts tied

76
Q

How do fertility drugs help increase chance of pregnancy

A

Many contain FSH which stimulates oestrogen production and maturation of eggs in the ovary and also contain LH which triggers ovulation

77
Q

What is IVF

A

Type of fertility where mother given FSH and LH, egggs fertilised using sperm in lab, once developed into embryo, 1/2 of the embryos are inserted into mothers womb

78
Q

2 Adantages of IVF

A

Allows infertile couples to have children, can store womens eggs for later

79
Q

4 disadvantages of IVF

A

Expensive, low success rate especialy fro older couple, increases chance of multiple pregnancies- dangerous fro mother and babies, side effects of fertility drugs

80
Q

How is thyroxine controlled by negative feedback

A

Levels of blood thyroxine falls, detected by recetors in brain, pituitary gland releases more TSH, stimulating production of thyroxine in thyroid gland, blood thyroxine levels restored

81
Q

4 effects of adrenaline

A

Increased heart and breathing rate, stored glycogen converted to glucose, pupils dilate, increased mental awareness, blood diverted way from digestive system to muscles

82
Q

Circumstances in which malarial parasites reproduce sexually and asexually

A

Sexual in mosquitoAsexual in the human host

83
Q

Circumstances in which fungi reproduce sexually and asexually

A

Asexual by spores Sexual to give variation

84
Q

Circumstances in which plants reproduce sexually and asexually

A

Sexual to produce seeds Asexual by runners or bulb divisions

85
Q

2 pieces of evidence for evolution

A

Fossils and antibiotic resistance in bacteria

86
Q

3 ways fossils form

A

Parts of organisms that have not decayed due to conditions of decay being absent, part of organisms that have been replaced by minerals as they decayed, e.g. bones, traces of organsism covered in sediment and becoming rock

87
Q

Why are there few traces of early life forms left behind

A

Mostly soft-bodied so destroyed by geological activities

88
Q

How do fossil fuels act as evidence for evolution

A

Scientisits can identify the ages of fossils and use them to show how organisms have chnaged overtime

89
Q

what do branches in evolutionary trees indicate

A

where speciation has occurred

90
Q

What is speciation

A

When an organsims phenotype has chnaged so much from natural selection that a new species is formed

91
Q

What is extinction

A

Where there are no indivifuals of a species alive

92
Q

5 factors that cause extinction

A

New disease, predation, competition, changes in the environment, catastrophic event

93
Q

What are the classes of organisms determined by Carl linnaeus

A

Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

94
Q

How are living creatures classified

A

structure and characteristics

95
Q

What is the binomilal name system of naming organisms

A

Genus name followed by species name

96
Q

why are new classification models proposed

A

Developments in microscopy allow better examination of internal structures, improvements in understanding of biochemical processes

97
Q

3 domains

A

Archaea, eurarya, bacteria

98
Q

Which organisms belong in domain bacteria

A

Bacteria

99
Q

Which kingdoms belong in domain eukarya

A

Plants, animals, fungi, protists

100
Q

How are evolutionary trees created

A

Examining DNA of different species and analysing how similar the sequaences are

101
Q

how temperature change an be bad for communities

A

too hot, evaporation increases so water becomes limited, to cold, Growth will be slower a organisms use more energy to stay warm

102
Q

How changes in water levels affect ecosystems

A

too little, animals ave to migrate to find water, too much like metling ice caps, habitats are destroyed

103
Q

Impacts of carbon monoxide in environment

A

Irreversibly binds to haemoglobi which prevents it from carrying oxygen, too much exposure can cause unconciousness and death

104
Q

Why brain treatment and investigatio is dangerous (4)

A

Complex and delicate, easily damaged, certain membranes prevent drugs reaching brain, exact function of each part not all known

Biology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions