Topic 5 Flashcards

1
Q

define invention

A

the process of discovering a principle which allows a technical advance in a particular field that results in a new product

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2
Q

define innovation

A

the commercialization and marketing of the invention to impact society

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3
Q

drivers for invention

A
  • a personal motivation
  • scientific/technical curiosity
  • constructive discontent with an existing invention/design
  • desire to make money
  • desire to help others
  • necessity (need for it)
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4
Q

what is intellectual property (IP)

A

a legal term for intangiable property (creations of the mind) –> makes the property protected by law

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5
Q

benefits of IP

A
  • allowing sale or licensing
  • differentiating a business from competitors
  • marketing/branding
  • establishing a valuable asset that can be used as security for loans
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6
Q

IP strategies

A

COPYRIGHT ==> protects the original work and idea
- protects up to 70 years after owner dies
- doesn’t need to be registered (automatic)
TRADEMARK ==> protects the idea in its graphically expressed state (e.g. logos, symbols)
- protects up to 2-3 years without register (TM) but needs registration to use (R) symbol and that is renewed every 10 years (10-25)
DESIGN RIGHT ==> protects the shape of the design/product (the look)
- needs registering
PATENT ==> protects the function, method, or working of things (e.g. folding of milk cartons)
- gives the right to make or sell creation
- needs registering
PATENT PENDING –> indication the owner has applied for a patent but hasn’t been processed yet (gives a level of protection by warning others the inventor is claiming rights)

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7
Q

how inventions become innovations

A
  • marketability –> high product demand
  • financial support –> there is monetary backing from the organization or an outsider
  • marketing –> good advertising, shipping, storing, selling (needs to be advertised as a product the public wants
  • necessity –> is there a need for this product? - e.g. there’s a need for alternative energy resources
  • price –> affordable, cost-effective, or value for money
  • open to change –> if people and organizations are resistant to change, feeling comfort and security in the familiar, they will resist the new product
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8
Q

sustaining innovation

A

innovative ideas that are constantly updated to maintain their success
- a new or improved product that meets customer needs and sustains manufacturers

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9
Q

disruptive innovation

A

a product or type of technology that challenges existing companies to ignore or embrace technological change
- e.g. the iPod which changed the way we managed and listened to music or mobile phones which allowed us to no longer be restricted to landlines

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10
Q

process innovation

A

an improvement in the organization or method of manufacture that often leads to reduced cost or benefits to customers

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11
Q

architectural innovation

A

the technology of the components stays the same but the configuration of the components is changed to produce a new design

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12
Q

modular innovation

A

the basic configuration stays the same but one or more key components are changed –> incremental design
- e.g. a new type of switch/button on a toaster

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13
Q

configurational innovation

A

modifying the arrangements of components to improve performance, usability, and function
- e.g. better heating elements, 4 slots instead of 2 for a toaster

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14
Q

radical innovation

A

changing the paradigm of the market that the product is produced in (e.g. smartphones changed the phone industry
- radical innovations have the risk of not being accepted into the marketplace or be successful

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15
Q

diffusion and suppression - roger’s characteristics

A

Diffusion: a process where a market will accept a new idea or product
Factors affecting the acceptance rate:
- innovation: whether it’s perceived as a better product
- compatibility –> consistent with existing values, past experiences, and needs
- complexity –> is it too difficult to use and understand?
- trialability –> trying before buying gives reassurance
- observability –> if the benefits of the idea or product are easily observable
Suppression: process where a new idea or adoption of a product by the market is actively slowed
- may be due to difficulties competing w/ a dominant design, competing companies petitioning against a new product it perceives threatening, natural resistance to unfamiliar concept

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16
Q

act of insight

A

a sudden image of a potential solution is formed in the mind, usually after a period of thinking about a problem

17
Q

adaptation

A

a SOLUTION to a problem in one field is adapted for solving a problem in another field

18
Q

technology transfer

A

TECHNOLOGICAL advance used for new designs can be applied to the development of different types of products/systems

19
Q

analogy

A

an IDEA from one context is used to stimulate ideas for solving a problem in another context

20
Q

chance

A

an unexpected discovery leads to a new idea

21
Q

technology push

A

scientific research leading to advances in technology for new ideas –> the driving force for a new design emerges from a technological development

22
Q

market pull and its approaches

A

a new idea is needed as a result of demand from the marketplace
market pull approaches:
- implemented on platforms
- has low market-related risk because application is known
- has low technology-related risk because solution is not known
- platforms are openminded and can evolve on changing needs

23
Q

the lone inventor

A

an individual working outside or inside an organization who is committed to the invention of a new product and often becomes isolated
- individuals with the goal of inventing a revolutionary product
- have ideas that are completely new and different
- marketing and sales isn’t good
- isolated with no backing towards their design (fund problems)
- have a hard time pushing forward their designs esp. in markets where large investments are required for success
- their ideas are often resisted due to how different they are

24
Q

the product champion

A

an influential individual, usually working within an organization, who develops enthusiasm for a particular idea or invention and promotes it within organization
- has business experience
- can speak intelligently about the issues
- acts as a good facilitator
- collaborates well with others
- accepts responsibility for product

25
Q

the entrepreneur

A

an influential individual who can take an invention to market, often financing the development, production, and diffusion of the product into marketplace
- self-control
- self-confidence
- businessman
- sense of urgency

26
Q

advantages and disadvantages of multidisciplinary approaches

A

effective designs draw from multiple areas of expertise
- complex products usually require expertise from various disciplines
ADVANTAGES: many perspectives to improve creativity, increase in adaptability,

27
Q

product life key stages

A
  • LAUNCH: slow sales and little profit
  • GROWTH: the market gradually accepts the product so diffusion starts and sales expand
  • MATURITY: sales peak but remain steady, max profit is achieved
  • DECLINE: market saturation is reached and sales start to reduce as well as profit
28
Q

types of obsolescence

A
  • PLANNED: a product becomes outdated on purpose to ensure continuing market or ensure that safety factors and new technologies can be added into the later version of product
  • STYLE: fashion and trends change over time which can result in a product no longer being desirable –> products can become desirable again with retro styling
  • FUNCTIONAL: over time products wear out and break down so if parts are no longer available the product can’t work as it used to
  • TECHNOLOGICAL: when a new technology replaces an existing technology, the ET falls out of use and no longer used in new products –> users prefer the new and more efficient tech
29
Q

product versioning and generations

A

a company produces different versions of the same product but changes different prices for each model.
- product versioning offers a range of products based on the core idea
- a company can maintain consistent income flow by introducing new versions or generations of product

30
Q

advantages of versioning and generations

A
  • improved customer choice: customers can choose the version that suits them
  • improved customer choice: can choose a budget level
  • maximise profits for company through increased sales
31
Q

categories of consumers

A
  • innovators
  • early adopters
  • early majority
  • late majority
  • laggards
32
Q

market analysis

A
  • geographical
  • demographic
  • psychographic
  • behavioral
33
Q

user need

A

the essential requirements that the product must satisfy in relation to market and user need

34
Q

competition

A
  • a thorough analysis of competing designs is required to establish market need
  • identifying competition helps the organization to clarify how the new product can edge out and respond to competition
35
Q

research methods

A
  • Literature Search
  • User Trial product to note feedback
  • User research
  • Expert Appraisal
  • Performance Test
36
Q

design specification

A

a list of requirements the product must fulfill
- aesthetic requirements
- cost constraints
- customer requirements
- environmental requirements
- size constraints
- safety considerations
- performance requirements and constraints
- material requirements
- manufacturing requirements