Topic 4) Natural selection & genetic modification Flashcards
Ardi
4.4 million year old human
Binomial system
A way of naming organisms using 2 Latin words
Lucy
3.2 million year old human
Competition
The act of competing for things to live
Genetic variation
Genes passed on through reproduction
Natural selection
Survival of the fittest, depending on strong genes
Resistant
Less affected by something
Classification
Sorting things into groups
Domain
The three main groups organisms are sorted into:
-archaea
-bacteria
-eukarya
Genus
A group of similar organisms
Kingdoms
The five kingdoms which organisms are divided into:
-plants
-animals
-fungi
-protists
-prokaryotes
Artificial selection
when humans choose certain organisms because they have useful characteristics
Disease resistance
Less affected by certain diseases
Genetic engineering
the deliberate modification of the characteristics of an organisms by manipulating its genetic material
Genom
All the DNA in an organism. Each body cell contains a copy of the genome
GMO
Short for “genectically modified organism”
Selective breeding
breeding the animals with a desired feature together to ensure the offspring have the desired feature
Variety
Group of plants of the same species that have characteristics that make them different to other members of the species
Yield
The amount of product of something
Allele
Genes which come in different versions, called alleles
Base
The 4 bases that help make up DNA. They are often shown as the letters: A, C, G and T. Pairs of the bases link together
Insulin
The hormone that descrease blood glucose concentration. Used in the treatment of type 1 diabetes
Ligand
An enzyme that joins two DNA molecules together
Plasmid
A small loop of DNA found in the cytoplasm of bacteria
Recombinant DNA
DNA made by joining two editions of DNA together
Restriction enzyme
An enzyme that cuts DNA molecules into pieces
Sticky ends
A short section of single-stranded DNA found at the end of a section of DNA that has been cut by a restriction enzyme
Type 1 diabetes
Type of diabetes in which the pancreas does no produce insulin
Vector
Anything that transfers arterial form one organism to another
evolution
the gradual change in the characteristics of a species over time
fossils
the remains of organisms from thousands or millions of years ago, which are found in rocks
key points of natural selection
shows variation
compete for resources
best adapted to survive
survivors pass on their genes
Darwin’s theory of evolution
organisms that are best adapted for their environment will reproduce and pass on their acquired characteristics
classification
the grouping of organisms based on similarities of features
types of classifications
artificial
natural
artificial classification
based on observable features
natural classification
based on evolutionary links
e.g. do they have a common ancestor?
why do we classify organisms?
our convenience
to make the study of organisms more manageable
to make it easy to identify organisms
to help see relationships between organisms
how many groups can organisms be classified into?
7
1st group in the classification hierarchy
kingdom
2nd group in the classification hierarchy
phylum
3rd group in the classification hierarchy
class
4th group in the classification hierarchy
order
5th group in the classification hierarchy
family
6th group in the classification hierarchy
genus
7th group in the classification hierarchy
species
what is the pneumonic to remember the hierarchy of classification?
King Phillip Came Over From Glorious Spain
species
a group of similar organisms able to reproduce and produce fertile offspring
5 key kingdoms
animalia
plantae
fungi
protists
prokaryotes
animalia characteristics
eukaryotic
multicellular
no cell walls
must eat other organisms to obtain energy
plantae characteristics
eukaryotic
multicellular
makes its own food - photosynthesis
cellulose cell walls
fungi characteristics
eukaryotic
multicellular
live in/on dead organic matter, which they feed on to obtain energy
chitin cell walls
protists
eukaryotic
mostly unicellular (single celled)
some have cell walls
prokaryotes characteristics
unicellular (single celled)
prokaryotic
flexible cell walls
no membrane bound organelles
what is the three domain system?
an updated system that divides organisms into three large groups called domains
what are the three domains?
archaea
bacteria
eukaryota
archaea domains
primitive bacteria usually living in extreme environments
bacteria domains
true bacteria
eukaryota domains
including protists, fungi, plants and animals
what are plants and animals often bred for?
disease resistance
yield
environment
fast growth
flavour
what is an example of genetic engineering?
golden rice
advantages of genetic engineering
makes organisms resistant to disease
makes them grow faster
disadvantages of genetic engineering
nutritional value is less
health issues could occur from eating them
example of genetically engineered bacteria
bacterium
bacterium characteristics
one large loop of DNA and some small circles of DNA called plasmids
