Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Year 12 Take 1 Bio > Topic 4 Genetic Information, Variation and Relationships > Flashcards

Topic 4 Genetic Information, Variation and Relationships Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Allele definition

A

An alternate form of a gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Gene definition

A

A section of DNA which codes for a protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is DNA?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

The molecule in cells that stores genetic information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

A threadlike structure made up of one long DNA molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is genetic diversity?

A

The total number of different alleles in a population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Population definition

A

A group of organisms of the same species that live in the same place and can interbreed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Species definition

A

All of a type of organism that can reproduce to produce fertile offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Reproductive success

A

If having a certain allele is advantageous to an individual, it is more likely to survive and thus reproduce

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is natural selection?

A

The process by which the frequency of advantageous alleles gradually increases in a populations gene pool over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is an Anatomical adaption?

A

Structural features that increase the chance of survival

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a Behavioral adaption?

A

The ways in which an organism acts that increase the chance of survival

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a Physiological adaption?

A

Processes inside the body that increase the chance of survival

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Adaption definition

A

A feature of an organism that increases its chance of survival in its environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What happens to the frequency of advantageous alleles in natural selection?

A

It increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Seasonal breeding is an example of what type of adaption?

A

Physiological

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Zebra stripes are an example of what type of adaption?

A

Anatomical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Being nocturnal is an example of what type of adaption?

A

Behavioral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Example of stabilising selection

A

Infant birth rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Example of Directional selection

A

Antibiotic resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is a triple codon?

A

A sequence of three bases that codes for an amino acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Directional selection

A

A type of selection that favours individuals that differ in one direction (fall to the left or the right) from the population mean. This changes the traits of the
population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Stabilising selection

A

A type of selection that favours individuals close to the mean, maintaining the traits of the population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Degenerate definition

A

A feature of the genetic code; more than one triplet can code for a particular amino acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What happens in a substitution mutation?

A

When one base is replaced with another. This may effect one amino acid and therefore the protein shape/function, but they are generally less serious than insertion of deletion mutations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What happens in a deletion mutation?

A

When one nucleotide is randomly deleted from the DNA sequence. This may effect amino acids and therefore the protein shape/functions. A deletion has a knock-on effect (Frame-shift mutation - to the left)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What happens in an insertion mutation?

A

When one nucleotide is randomly inserted into the DNA sequence. This may effect amino acids and therefore the protein shape/functions. An insertion has a knock-on effect (Frame-shift mutation - to the right)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the order of classification?

A 
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus 
Species
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the three Domain system?

A

Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the six Kingdom system?

A

Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Plantae, Fungi and Animalia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Rules of the Binomial naming system

A
  1. Always in italics
  2. If handwritten, it should be underlined
  3. Genus requires a capital, species does not
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Binomial system

A

A universal system of naming organisms that consists of two parts: the
generic name and the specific name, e.g. Homo sapiens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Phylogenetic classification definition

A

A type of classification that divides organisms into groups based on evolutionary relationships and homologous characteristics. It uses a hierarchy in
which smaller groups are contained within larger groups, with no group overlap

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Artificial classification definiton

A

A type of classification that divides organisms into groups based on
analogous characteristics such as leaf shape, number of legs and type of wing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is Courtship behaviour?

A

The behaviour by which members of a species select reproductive partners. It enables organisms to recognise their own species, identify a mate with a capacity to breed, form a pair bond, synchronise mating and become able to breed themselves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Why is it important for organisms to recognise members of their own species?

A

To ensure fertile offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Why is the formation of a pair bond important?

A

A pair bond can lead to successful mating and raising of subsequent offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Why is synchronised mating important?

A

To ensure that the sperm and egg meet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Why is ability to reproduce important?

A

To maintain population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Biodiversity definition

A

The variety of genes, species and habitats within a particular area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Species diversity definition

A

A measure of the number of different species and the abundance of individuals in each of these species within a community

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Ecosystem diversity definition

A

A measure of the range of different habitats in a particular area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Species richness definition

A

A measure of the number of different species in a community at a given time. It is a measure of species diversity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What three components make up biodiversity?

A

Species diversity
Genetic diversity
Ecosystem diversity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Name three examples of conservation

A

Intercropping, Reduce use of pesticides, Crop Rotation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Index of diversity

A

Describes the relationship between the number of different species and the abundance of individuals in each of these species within a community

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Prokaryotic DNA

A

DNA molecules are: shorter, circular, not associated with protein molecules and do not have chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Eukaryotic DNA

A

DNA molecules are: longer, linear, are in association with histones (proteins) and form chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

DNA molecules in mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells

A

DNA molecules are: shorter, circular, not associated with protein molecules and do not have chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

When are chromosomes visible?

A

When the cell is dividing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Structure of a chromosome

A

Chromosomes first appear as two identical threads (chromatids) joined at a single point (centromere)

51
Q

Chromosome definition

A

A structure consisting of a long, coiled molecule of DNA and its associated proteins, by which genetic information is passed from generation to generation

52
Q

Chromatid definition

A

One strand of a replicated chromosome

53
Q

How DNA is packed into a chromosome

A
  1. DNA is in a double helix
  2. DNA helix is wound around histones
  3. DNA-histone complex is coiled
  4. This coil is looped and further coiled before being packed into the chromosome
54
Q

How many DNA molecules are in a single chromosome?

A

One

55
Q

Homologous chromosomes definition

A

A chromosome pair, one paternal and one maternal, with the same gene loci

56
Q

What is a diploid number?

A

The number of chromosomes within a cell’s nucleus

57
Q

What is the human diploid number?

A

46

58
Q

Homologous chromosomes carry the same genes but they are not genetically identical, explain why

A

They may carry different alleles of the same gene

59
Q

What is the shape of DNA

A

Double-helix

60
Q

What is the shape of mRNA?

A

Single-helix

61
Q

What is the shape of tRNA?

A

Clover-leaf

62
Q

What is the sugar in DNA?

A

Deoxyribose

63
Q

What is the sugar in mRNA?

A

Ribose

64
Q

What is the sugar in tRNA?

A

Ribose

65
Q

What are the bases in DNA?

A

Adenine
Thymine
Guanine
Cytosine

66
Q

What are the bases in RNA?

A

Adenine
Uracil
Guanine
Cytosine

67
Q

Location of DNA

A

The nucleus

68
Q

Explain which organelle is required for protein synthesis and where it is located

A

Ribosomes – in cytoplasm and on the rough endoplasmic reticulum

69
Q

Why is the production of mRNA required?

A

DNA cannot leave the nucleus and protein synthesis has to happen in cytoplasm
- Too large
- may get damaged
- Codes for all proteins –> not all cells
need to make all of them

70
Q

Describe the difference between pre-mRNA and mRNA and explain why mRNA being smaller is useful

A

Pre-mRNA contains exons and introns mRNA contains exons and is smaller to leave nuclear pore

71
Q

Explain which part of the pre-mRNA codes for protein and which is non-coding

A

Exons – codes for proteins

Introns – non-coding

72
Q

Suggest why prokaryotes transcribe DNA but do not need to splice

A

Prokaryotic mRNA contains only exons

73
Q

Location of RNA

A

Manufactured in the nucleus but found throughout the cell

74
Q

Chemical stability of DNA

A

Chemically very stable

75
Q

Chemical stability of mRNA

A

Less chemically stable than DNA and tRNA

76
Q

Chemical stability of tRNA

A

More chemically stable than mRNA but less chemically stable than DNA

77
Q

How many polynucleotide chains are in DNA?

A

Double polynucleotide chain

78
Q

How many polynucleotide chains are in RNA?

A

Single polynucleotide chain

79
Q

Size of DNA compared to mRNA and tRNA

A

Largest of the three

80
Q

Size of mRNA compared to tRNA and DNA

A

Smaller than DNA, larger than tRNA

81
Q

Size of tRNA compared to DNA and mRNA

A

Smallest of the three

82
Q

What is the role of RNA polymerase during transcription?

A

To join the complimentary free RNA nucleotides to form mRNA

83
Q

How is mRNA produced in the nucleus of a cell

A
  1. DNA Helicase breaks hydrogen bonds (unzipping the DNA).
  2. Only one strand of DNA will act as a template for transcription
  3. Complimentary free RNA nucleotides are attracted to the exposed bases
  4. RNA polymerase joins the RNA nucleotides, building mRNA
  5. Pre-mRNA is spliced to remove introns
84
Q

What is the function of mRNA?

A

To act as a template for protein synthesis

85
Q

Suggest how the structure of tRNA makes it adapted for protein synthesis

A

Contains an anticodon that codes for a specific amino acid. These help to form the correct chain of amino acids to make a protein

86
Q

Name the cell organelle involved in translation

A

Ribosome

87
Q

Describe the role of tRNA in the process of translation

A

A tRNA molecule attaches an amino acid at end and has a sequence of three bases called an anticodon. The tRNA molecule is transferred to a ribosome on an mRNA molecule. The anticodon on tRNA pairs with the complementary codon sequence on mRNA. Further tRNA molecules, with amino acids attached, line up along the mRNA in the sequence determined by the mRNA bases. The amino acids are joined by peptide bonds. Therefore the tRNA helps to ensure the correct sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain

88
Q

Anticodon definition

A

A sequence of three nucleotide bases at one end of a tRNA molecule that is specific to an mRNA codon

89
Q

Mean definition

A

The average of a set of numbers calculated by dividing the sum of the values by the number of values

90
Q

Cellular proteome

A

The proteins expressed in a given type of cell

91
Q

Chromosome mutation definition

A

A change to the number or structure of chromosomes that can occur spontaneously

92
Q

Classification definition

A

The organisation of organisms into groups. There are two types of classification: artificial and phylogenetic

93
Q

Codon definition

A

A sequence of three bases on mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid

94
Q

Conservation definition

A

The maintenance of ecosystems and biodiversity by humans in order to preserve the Earth’s resources

95
Q

Exon definiton

A

A sequence of DNA that codes for an amino acid sequence

96
Q

Fertilisation definition

A

The random fusion of haploid gametes during fertilisation to produce a diploid
zygote. Genetic information is mixed, creating genetic variation

97
Q

Gene mutation definition

A

A change to at least one nucleotide base in DNA or the arrangement of bases. Gene mutations can occur spontaneously during DNA replication

98
Q

Generic name definition

A

Denotes the organism’s genus. The first letter is written in uppercase, e.g. Homo

99
Q

Genetic code definition

A

The rules by which triplets in a DNA base sequence code for the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. The genetic code is degenerate, universal and non-overlapping

100
Q

Genome definition

A

The entire set of genes in a cell

101
Q

Histones definition

A

Proteins that, together with DNA, form chromosomes in the nuclei of eukaryotic cells

102
Q

Independent segregation definition

A

The random separation of homologous chromosomes in meiosis 1 that produces genetic variation

103
Q

Intron definition

A

A non-coding sequence of DNA

104
Q

Locus (Loci) definition

A

The position of a gene(s) on a chromosome

105
Q

Meiosis definition

A

A type of cell division that produces four genetically different daughter cells (gametes) with a haploid number of chromosomes. It involves two divisions

106
Q

Mitosis defintion

A

A form of cell division that produces two genetically identical diploid daughter cells

107
Q

Mutagentic agent definition

A

An agent that increases the rate of gene mutations above normal level

108
Q

Non-coding sequence

A

A sequence of DNA that does not code for an amino acid sequence e.g. repeating base sequences and introns. Non-coding sequences make up significant
portions of eukaryotic nuclear DNA

109
Q

Non-disjunction definition

A

A change in the number of chromosomes due to the failure of homologous chromosomes to separate during meiosis. This may result in a gamete with one more or one less chromosome

110
Q

Non-overlapping definition

A

A feature of the genetic code; each base in a sequence is read once and is only part of one triplet

111
Q

Random Sampling

A

A sampling technique used to avoid bias e.g. creating a square grid and generating random coordinates

112
Q

Recombination definiton

A

When broken-off pieces of chromatid combine with another chromatid on a different chromosome during crossing over

113
Q

Crossing over definition

A

The process in meiosis 1 in which homologous chromosomes pair up, their chromatids wrap around one another and their alleles are exchanged at equivalent portions of chromatids. This creates genetic variation

114
Q

Ribosome definition

A

Sub-cellular structures where protein synthesis takes place. Ribosomes consist of a small subunit and a large subunit

115
Q

Specific name definition

A

Denotes the organism’s species. It is written in lowercase letters, e.g. sapiens

116
Q

Splicing definiton

A

The process following transcription in eukaryotic cells in which introns are removed from pre-mRNA and exons are joined together to form mRNA

117
Q

Standard deviation (normal distribution curve) definition

A

A measure of the width of a normal

distribution curve and an indication of the range of values

118
Q

Mean (normal distribution curve) definition

A

A measure of the maximum height of a normal

distribution curve

119
Q

Taxon definition

A

Each group within a phylogenetic classification system

120
Q

Transcription definition

A

The formation of pre-mRNA in eukaryotes and mRNA in prokaryotes from a section of the template strand of DNA. It is the first stage of protein synthesis

121
Q

Translation definition

A

The second phase of protein synthesis that takes place in the ribosomes. mRNA is used as a template for the attachment of tRNA molecules with complementary anticodons. The amino acids carried on adjacent tRNA molecules are joined to form a polypeptide chain

122
Q

Universal definition

A

A feature of the genetic code; the code is the same in almost all organisms. This is evidence for evolution

123
Q

Variation definition

A

The differences between individuals due to genes, the environment or a combination of both

Year 12 Take 1 Bio (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions