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Year 12 Take 1 Bio > mass transport > Flashcards

mass transport Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is oxygen association

A

the loading of oxygen into haemoglobin

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2
Q

what is a high affinity for oxygen

A

more likely to bind to oxygen

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3
Q

how many O2 molecules can bind to a haemoglobin molecule

A

four

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4
Q

what type of protein is haemoglobin

A

quaternary protein

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5
Q

describe the quaternary structure of haemoglobin

A

4 polypeptide chains, each associated with a haem group, near-spherical molecule

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6
Q

what does an increase in CO2 produced do?

A

higher rate of respiration –> more CO2 produced by tissue –> lower pH (more negative) –> greater haemoglobin shape change –> oxygen dissociates more readily –> more oxygen available for respiration

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7
Q

which blood vessel joins the right ventricle to the capillaries of the lungs

A

pulmonary artery

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8
Q

which blood vessel carries oxygenated blood away from the heart

A

aorta

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9
Q

which blood vessel carries deoxygenated blood away from the kidney

A

renal vein

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10
Q

what is the first main blood vessel that an oxygen molecule reaches after being absorbed from an alveolus

A

aorta

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11
Q

state two factors that make it more likely that an organism will have a circulatory pump such as the heart

A

high metabolic rate
small surface area to volume ratio

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12
Q

state the main advantage of the double circulation found in mammals

A

high blood flow and pressure means that the blood can easily circulate the body

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13
Q

what happens during atrial systole

A

the atria contract

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14
Q

what happens during atrial diastole

A

the atria relax

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15
Q

what happens during ventricular systole

A

the ventricles contract

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16
Q

what happens during ventricular diastole

A

the ventricles relax

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17
Q

define cardiac output

A

the volume of blood pumped by one ventricle of the heart in one minute (measured in dm3min-1)

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18
Q

cardiac output calculation

A

cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume

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19
Q

when do the atrioventricular valves open

A

when the pressure of the atrium is higher than the ventricular pressure

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20
Q

when do the atrioventricular valves close

A

when the pressure of the ventricle is higher than the atrial pressure

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21
Q

when do the semilunar valves open

A

when the pressure of the ventricle is higher than the artery pressure

22
Q

when do the semilunar valves close

A

when the pressure of the artery is higher than the ventricular pressure

23
Q

name the layers of the blood vessels

A

lumen, endothelium, elastic layer, muscle layer, tough fibrous outer layer

24
Q

name the blood vessels

A

artery, arterioles, capillaries, veins

25
Q

what does the xylem transport

A

water and minerals

26
Q

what does the phloem transport

A

sugars and assimilates

27
Q

which cells are needed to produce an open stomata

A

guard cells

28
Q

what controls the volume of water lost via transpiration in plants

A

stomata opening and closing

29
Q

how does light intensity affect the rate of transpiration

A

it increases the rate of transpiration, light causes stomata to open leading to increased surface area for avaporation

30
Q

how does temperature affect the rate of transpiration

A

higher temperature causes water molecules to have more kinetic energy, therefore, more evaporation takes place, increasing the rate of transpiration

31
Q

what three things causes water to move up the xylem (cohesion tension theory)

A

cohesion, adhesion and root pressure

32
Q

describe the cell wall pathway for the movement of water across roots

A

movement of water along cell walls and through spaces between cells, pathway of least resistance, most water (90%) is absorbed this way

33
Q

describe the cytoplastic pathway for the movement of water across rootes

A

movement of water from cell to cell through plasmodesmata, pathway of resistance so less water is absorbed this way

34
Q

what direction does the xylem transport water and minerals

A

upwards

35
Q

what direction does the phloem transport sugars and assimilates

A

upwards and downwards

36
Q

where do the xylem transport water/minerals to and from

A

root hair cells to leaves/epidermis

37
Q

where do the phloem transport sugars/assimilates to and from

A

sources to sinks

38
Q

by which process does xylem transport water/minerals

A

transpiration

39
Q

by which process does phloem transport sugars/assimilates

A

translocation

40
Q

are xylem vessel calls alice or dead

A

dead

41
Q

are phloem vessel cells alive or dead

A

alive

42
Q

name the two monosaccharide components of sucrose

A

glucose and fructose

43
Q

name the two monosaccharide components of maltose

A

beta glucose and beta glucose

44
Q

name the two monosaccharide components of lactose

A

glucose and galactose

45
Q

name the reaction that forms disaccharide and the bond

A

condensation reaction and glycosidic bonds

46
Q

how do you test for a non-reducing sugar

A
  1. add benedicts solution and boil in water bath for five minutes
  2. if its a non-reducing sugar it will stay blue (negative result)
  3. next step is to break the non-reducing sugar into a reducing sugar
  4. add hydrochloric acid and boil in water bath for five minutes
  5. add sodium bicarbonate
  6. use universal indicator to see if it has been neutralised
  7. repeat benedicts test, should now turn green/orange/red (positive result)
47
Q

what are the three stages of translocation

A

active loading, movement through the phloem, movement of assimilates into the sink

48
Q

what happens during active loading using sucrose as an example

A
  1. hydrogen ions are pumped out of companion cells into surrounding mesophyll cells by active transport
  2. a high concentration of hydrogen ions builds up in the mesophyll cells
  3. hydrogen ion move back into the companion cells down a concentration gradient with a co-transport protein
  4. sucrose is transported with the hydrogen ions into the companion cells by facilitated diffusion
  5. a high concentration of sucrose builds up in the mesophyll cells
  6. sucrose diffuses into the sieve tube elements
49
Q

what happens during movement through phloem using sucrose as an example

A
  1. increase in concentration of sucrose in the sieve tube elements leads to a more negative water potential
  2. water moves into the sieve tube elements by osmosis from surrounding cells such as xylem
  3. turgor pressure in sieve tube elements increases causing movement of water and assimilates (such as sucrose) by mass flow from source to sink
50
Q

what happens during movement of assimilates into the sink using sucrose as an example

A
  1. sucrose diffuses into the cells surrounding the sieve tube elements
  2. these cells convert the sucrose into other substances, lowering the concentration of sucrose, creating a concentration gradient, causing more sucrose to diffuse out of the sieve tube elements
  3. water potential inside sieve tube elements increases causing water to move out of the sieve tube elements into surrounding cells by osmosis
  4. turgor pressure inside the sieve tube elements decreases, maintaining the mass flow inside the phloem

Year 12 Take 1 Bio (6 decks)

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