immunity

Question 1

what is the difference between a specific and non-specific immune response?

Answer 1

non-specific: immediate response, same for all pathogens

specific: slower response, specific to the pathogen

Question 2

explain why the body would reject a transplant

Answer 2

the body would recognise the cells as foreign and will attack the transplant

Question 3

physical barrier examples

Answer 3

skin, mucus, coughing/sneezing, tears, urination

Question 4

chemical barrier examples

Answer 4

acid secretions, tears, respiratory enzymes, salivary enzymes

Question 5

white blood cell types

Answer 5

lymphocytes: B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes
phagocytes: neutrophils, macrophages

Question 6

what is phagocytosis?

Answer 6

the cellular process of engulfing solid particles by the cell membrane to form an internal phagosome by phagocytes

Question 7

are antibodies, carbohydrates, proteins or lipids?

Answer 7

proteins

Question 8

explain which type of blood cell produces antibodies and what would cause a blood cell to produce an antibody

Answer 8

plasma B-lymphocytes produce antibodies in response to antigens in response to antigens on a non-self material

Question 9

how many poly-peptide chains are found in an antibody?

Answer 9

four

Question 10

explain the difference between heavy and long chains

Answer 10

heavy chains are longer and light chains are shorter

Question 11

antibody definition

Answer 11

a protein made of plasma B cells in response to a pathogen

Question 12

amino acid definition

Answer 12

monomer of proteins

Question 13

antigen definition

Answer 13

an antigen is a protein that is any part of an organism or substance that is recognised as non-self and stimulates an immune response, they are usually part of the cell surface membrane

Question 14

ATP definition

Answer 14

adenosine triphosphate - a molecule made up of three phosphates, a ribose sugar and adenine

Question 15

antigenic variation definition

Answer 15

when pathogens change their antigens

Question 16

artefact definiton

Answer 16

somethings you see on a microscope slide that isn’t part of the specimen

Question 17

antibiotic resistance definition

Answer 17

when bacteria can survive in the presence of antibodies

Question 18

ATP hydrolase definition

Answer 18

an ezymes that catalyses the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP + Pi

Question 19

ATP synthase definition

Answer 19

an enzyme that catalyses the synthesis of ATP from ADP + Pi

Question 20

active immunity definition

Answer 20

the immune system makes its own antibodies after being stimulated by an antigen

Question 21

passive immunity definition

Answer 21

you are given antibodies made by another organism

Question 22

natural immunity definition

Answer 22

when you become immune after being infected by a disease

Question 23

artificial immunity definition

Answer 23

when you become immune after you have been given a vaccination containing a weakened dosage of the antigen

Question 24

do active and passive immunity require exposure to the antigen?

Answer 24

active immunity: requires exposure to the antigen

passive immunity: does not require exposure to the antigen

Question 25

how quickly does immunity develop in active and passive immunity?

Answer 25

active immunity: takes a while to develop

passive immunity: develops immediately

Question 26

are memory cells produced in active and passive immunity?

Answer 26

active immunity: memory B cells are produced

passive immunity: memory B cells are not produced

Question 27

how long term is protection against the disease in active and passive immunity?

Answer 27

active immunity: protection is long-term because the antibody produced is complementary to an antigen inside the body and memory B cells are produced
passive immunity: protection is short-term because the antibodies given are broken down and no memory B cells are produced

Question 28

what is a monoclonal antibody?

Answer 28

a monoclonal antibody is an antibody that is produced by a single clone of B cells. They are all the same as they are cloned via mitosis

Question 29

what are the three main uses of monoclonal antibodies?

Answer 29

pregnancy testing, diagnosis of disease and treatment of disease

Question 30

suggest why not all vaccines will eliminate disease

Answer 30

may fail to induce immunity, may become infected immediately after vaccination, antigenic variation, objections to vaccinations

Question 31

suggest ways that people can reduce the risk of contracting HIV

Answer 31

contraception (physical barrier), test blood and organ donations for HIV, use sterilised needles

Question 32

what is the ELISA test?

Answer 32

enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay is a plate-based assay technique designed for detecting and quantifying substances such as peptides, proteins, antibodies and hormones

Question 33

explain the difference between a false positive and a false negative test

Answer 33

false positive: the ELISA test gives a positive result but there is no HIV virus present
false negative: ELISA and blot test give negative results but the HIV virus is present

Question 34

describe a way in which the ELISA test can be used to test for HIV

Answer 34

• the surface will be coated with HIV antigens
• add the sample that could contain HIV specific antibodies and leave the two to bind together
• wash the surface to remove any unattached antibodies
• add the second antibody (that has an enzyme attached) that binds with the sample antibody
• rise to remove any antibodies that haven’t binded
• add the colourless substrate of the enzyme, the enzyme will act on the substrate
• if HIV antibodies are present in the sample, the substrate will change colour

Question 35

what are the two types of B cell?

Answer 35

plasma and memory

Question 36

what are the two types of T cell?

Answer 36

helper and cytotoxic