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Year 12 Take 1 Bio > cells and microscopes > Flashcards

cells and microscopes Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What happens during interphase?

A
  • Cell is actively synthesizing proteins
  • Chromosomes invisible
  • Prior to mitosis, DNA replicates
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2
Q

What happens during prophase?

A
  • Chromosomes become visible
  • Nuclear envelope disintegrates
  • Nucleolus disappears
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3
Q

What happens during metaphase?

A
  • Spindle apparatus forms

- Chromosomes line up on the center of the cell

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4
Q

What happens during anaphase?

A
  • Spindle fibers attached to chromatids contracts

- Chromatids are pulled towards poles

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5
Q

What happens during telophase?

A
  • Chromosomes reach poles and become indistinct
  • Nuclear envelope reforms
  • Nucleolus reforms
  • Spindle apparatus disintegrates
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6
Q

What are the structural features of a nucleus?

A

nuclear envelope which has nuclear pores

contains chromosomes, consisting of protein-bound, linear DNA and one or more nucleoli

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7
Q

What are the structural features of a mitochondrion?

A

smooth outer membrane, an inner membrane highly folded into cristae and the internal solution called matrix

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8
Q

What is the function of a mitochondrion?

A

carry out aerobic respiration (making of ATP)

respiration reactions take place on the cristae and in the matrix

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9
Q

What are the structural features of a cell surface membrane?

A

made up of a phospholipid bilayer with proteins, glycoproteins, glycolipids and cholesterol

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10
Q

What is the function of the cell surface membrane?

A

partially permeable so controls the exchange between the cell and the environment (controls what enters and exits the cell)

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11
Q

What is the name of the cell organelle that builds proteins?

A

rough endoplasmic reticulum

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12
Q

What is the name of the cell organelle that release lysozyme?

A

Lysosomes

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13
Q

What is the name of the cell organelle that makes lipids, steroids and some hormones?

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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14
Q

Which organelles are involved with protein synthesis?

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum, Ribosomes and Golgi apparatus

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15
Q

What is the name of the cell organelle that carries out photosynthesis?

A

Chloroplast

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16
Q

What are the two types of cells that form all life?

A

eukaryotic and prokaryotic

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17
Q

What are the two main features of a virus that differentiate it from life on Earth?

A

Acellular and non-living

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18
Q

What are the three components of a virus particle?

A

genetic material, capsid, attachment protein

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19
Q

What type of cells are animal, fungal and plant cells?

A

eukaryotic

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20
Q

What type of cells are bacteria?

A

prokaryotic

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21
Q

Which three organelles do plant cells have that are not present in animal cells?

A

permanent vacuole, cell wall and chloroplasts

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22
Q

What is the difference in chemical composition between a eukaryotic plant cell wall and a prokaryotic cell wall?

A

plants cell walls contain cellulose

bacterial cell walls contain murein

23
Q

What is the difference between the organelles in a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell?

A

prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles

24
Q

What is the difference between the ribosomes in a prokaryotic cell and in a eukaryotic cell?

A

prokaryotic cells have smaller 70S ribosomes

eukaryotic ribosomes are 80S

25
Q

State three differences between DNA in prokaryotic cells and DNA in eukaryotic cells

A

prokaryotic DNA: a circular loop, not associated with histone proteins, free in the cytoplasm
eukaryotic DNA: linear chromosomes, associated with histone proteins, contained within the nuclear envelope

26
Q

What three other organelles may prokaryotic cells have?

A

one or more plasmids
a slime capsule surrounding the cell
one or more flagella

27
Q

Define magnification

A

the number of times greater the size of the image is than the size of the real object

28
Q

Define resolution

A

the ability to distinguish between two objects very close together
higher resolution means more detail

29
Q

How can you calculate the magnification of an object?

A

magnification = image size / actual size of object

30
Q

What are the principles of light microscopy?

A

uses light as a source of radiation

light can be seen that passes through or reflects from the surface of the specimen

31
Q

What are the principles of transmission electron microscopes?

A

uses electrons as a source of radiation

electrons that pass through the specimen are detected

32
Q

What are the principles of scanning electron microscopes?

A

uses electrons as a source of radiation

electrons that are reflected from the surface on the specimen are detected

33
Q

What is the limitation of light microscopy?

A

magnification to 2000 x

resolution to 200 nm

34
Q

How is cell fractionation carried out?

A

homogenise the tissue in cold, isotonic buffer
filter the resulting homogenate to remove large pieces of debris and whole cells
ultracentrifugation at a very high speed

35
Q

Why do cells need to divide?

A

repair of damaged tissues, growth, asexual reproduction

36
Q

Why does the cell cycle need to be controlled?

A

so that growth is regulated and controlled, otherwise tumors may form

37
Q

What is the name given to cell division in prokaryotes?

A

binary fission

38
Q

What are the two types of nuclear division that take place in eukaryotic cells?

A

mitosis and miosis

39
Q

What are the products of mitosis?

A

two daughter cells that carry the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell and identical copies of their DNA

40
Q

List the four stages of mitosis in the correct order

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase

41
Q

During which phases of mitosis does the nuclear envelope disintegrate and reappear

A

prophase and telophase

42
Q

Describe the appearance of a cell during metaphase

A

nuclear envelope is not present

chromosomes are aligned at the cell equator

43
Q

Describe what happens to the spindle fibres and the chromosomes during anaphase

A

the spindle fibres contract

the chromatids of each chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles of the cell

44
Q

Describe the appearance of a cell during telophase

A

the cell would contain two distinct nuclei

45
Q

what happens during cytokinesis?

A

the parent cell divides to form two daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell

46
Q

List the three stages of interphase in order

A

G1, S and G2

47
Q

During which phase in interphase does DNA replication take place?

A

Synthesis

48
Q

During which stage in interphase does the formation of organelles and an increase in energy reserves take place?

A

G2

49
Q

Why does DNA replication have to take place?

A

so each daughter cell formed has an identical copy of DNA to the parent cell

50
Q

What are the key events during binary fission?

A

the circular DNA and plasmid DNA replicates
the cytoplasm divides into two daughter cells
each daughter cell has a copy of the circular DNA
and varying numbers of copies of any plasmids

51
Q

During viral replication, does cell division take place?

A

No

52
Q

What is a mitotic index?

A

the ratio of dividing cells to the total number of cells in a population

53
Q

How is a mitotic index calculated?

A

number of dividing cells in a population / total number of cells in a population

54
Q

Would you expect cells in a root tip to have a high or a low mitotic index?

A

high mitotic index because the root tip is a region of rapid cell division

Year 12 Take 1 Bio (6 decks)

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