Topic 4- communication Flashcards
define nutrition communication? what does this include
the process where nutrition knowledge is converted to dietary changes
-nutrition education
-nutrition information
-actions to improve diet
what is the model of communication?
the model of communication involves aspects of communication that contribute to effective comminication
-words the speaker said vs what the listener heard
-how the listener interpreted it vs what the speaker actually meant
what are barriers to effective communication?
physical environment- noise
interference / distortions
physiological / psychological state
cultural / ethnic background
how can communication be enhanced when dealing with different cultures?
prior education of communication norms
why does cultural influence have a large impact on communication?
each society has conscious and unconscious expected reciprocal responses
what are some cultural factors that may influence communication?
race, gender, age, nationality, degree of assimilation, socioeconomic status, disabilities, religion, education, sexual orientation, political affiliation
give some key examples of potenital communication difference among certain cultures?
eye contact
body language
personal space
duration of silence
expressive language
degree of directness
What are guidelines for enhancing counseling communication?
-use focuses / intents
-use effective nonverbal behavior
-harmonize verbal/non-verbal
-use effective verbal
-understand communication roadblocks
-create supportive environment and be empathetic
what are examples of non-verbal behaviour? how can someone have effective non-verbal communication?
tone, body language, mannerisms
-matching intensity of verbal / non-verbal messages
-avoiding unproductive non-verbal behaviours (yawning, looking at watch)
what objectives are couseling responses designed to accomplish?
1) develop productive relationships
2) enhance listening to understand clients needs
3) provide tools to use motivational strategies
what are the 4 focuses when using healthy conversation skills?
1) use open discovery questions
2) reflect on practice and conversations
3) spend more time listening than giving suggestions / info
4) Support someone to make SMARTER plan using open discovery questions
what do open discovery questions typically start with?
what and how
what do open questions start with? how are they effective?
Who, when and where
-help someone explore what they’re talking about, less open than “what” and “how” questions
what are closed questions? be specific
yes or no questions
what are empathy questions? how can they be a risky type of question?
questions that allow the other person to talk about how they’re feeling
-risk of mis interpretation or uncomfort
how effective are “in my experience” or telling/ suggesting questions?
they’re not very effective, it may make the client less liekly to trsut you or you may make them feel worse
what is a risk when asking “why” questions?
putting the client on edge, they may feel like what they’re doing is wrong
what are some benefits of closed ended questions?
-details and clarification on a topic
-quantification of responses
-ending lengthy discourse
what is a potential con of open ended questions?
can lead to rambling or lengthy answers
what is a funneling question?
sentence of questions beginning with a broad topic and being narrowed down to specific item
why are multiple questions at once problematic?
this can confuse the client and make them hesistant in their response
what are question-answer traps? how are they problematic?
series of questions that are structured as statements as opposed to open questions
-can cause clients to feel as though they are being interrogated
if asking multiple questions, what is the max number that should be asked in a row?
max 3
how does empathizing increase effective communication?
helps the client feel understood and facilitate self acceptance and understanding
what is the benefit of clarifying (promting) questions? give examples of this kind of question
encourages client to continue talking about concerns
-“tell me more”, trailing words (“and then?”, the last few words spoken by the client, “can you expand on that”, “what is an example in your life where this happens”
what are 4 key componants to attending behaviour?
1) attentive body language
2) vocal style
3) eye contact
4) verbal following
what is attending listening? what are 3 essentials of effective listening?
active listening - helps develop rapport and communication
-openness, cencentration and comprehension
What are listening guidelines for counseling?
1) focusing before each session
2) listening for meaning not just words
3) use silence to examine / comprehend the words
4) be curious and avoid judgement
5) be present (focused) in the moment
6) use verbal and non verbal prompts
7) maintain good eye contact
what is the benefit of paraphrasing what a client has said?
tells the client you are listening and allows them to clarify
other than allowing the client to clarify and know you are listening, what are other benefits of paraphrasing?
1) allow transition to new topic
2) provide closure at the end of a session
3) help elicit self-motivational statements
4) give counselors time to decide how to proceed in the session
what is legitimation?
normalization to communicate acceptance and validation of the clients emotional experience / reactions
how does legitimation differ from a compliment? what are the benefits of this?
it focuses on the clients efforts without using praise or “I” statements (I am proud of you vs you are commited)
-helps build rapport and increase confidence in the ability to cope with challenges
what are personal support statements and partnership statements?
personal suport- show that you are there to help your client adress problems and use availiable strategies
partnership- establishes collaborative relationship with client
what is the benefit of a directing response?
provides the client with the info on how to do something
-educational component
what is the benefit of allowing silence? what is a typical time period?
provides clients with time to reflect (30-60s)
if silence is lasting awhile, how might an educator break it / deal with it?
1) repease last sentence or phrase spoken by client
2) ask what client is thinking abt during silence
3) wait for client to speka
when might silence occur during a session?
- after results are given
- after open ended question
- during instructions
- after emotional reactions
- when processing info
what are the challenges with giving advice during sessions?
-can undermine clients autonomy
-can increase dependence
-doean’t allow client to come to solutions on their own
when noting discrepencies, what attitude should be adopted?
curious, caring and non-judgemental attitude
what 5 ways can a discrepency be noted?
1) state observation without the word “but” (softer approach)
2) state observation with the word “but” (harder approach)
3) use contrasting points (“on one hand..”)
4) use “seems, appears, could there be” statements
5) directly name it
what are ways to deal with challenging clients?
-stay calm
-acknowledge their feelings
- wait for them to calm down
- practice active listening
- find common ground
- establish control with facts
- end with a concrete plan
what are effective ways to commincate complex information?
1) get content right and be concise
2) include little technical detail
3) use good body language
4) use metaphors / imagery
5) break it down
6) compare
7) chunk
8) storytell
How can feedback be given to clients?
-be positive and specific
- note behaviour not traits
- don’t put client in defensive mode
what is the goal of giving feedback to clients?
to tell them what you have directly observed about their verbal and non-verbal behaviour
- talk abt what they did and ask them what they think they can do differently