Topic 4- communication

Question 1

define nutrition communication? what does this include

Answer 1

the process where nutrition knowledge is converted to dietary changes
-nutrition education
-nutrition information
-actions to improve diet

Question 2

what is the model of communication?

Answer 2

the model of communication involves aspects of communication that contribute to effective comminication
-words the speaker said vs what the listener heard
-how the listener interpreted it vs what the speaker actually meant

Question 3

what are barriers to effective communication?

Answer 3

physical environment- noise
interference / distortions
physiological / psychological state
cultural / ethnic background

Question 4

how can communication be enhanced when dealing with different cultures?

Answer 4

prior education of communication norms

Question 5

why does cultural influence have a large impact on communication?

Answer 5

each society has conscious and unconscious expected reciprocal responses

Question 6

what are some cultural factors that may influence communication?

Answer 6

race, gender, age, nationality, degree of assimilation, socioeconomic status, disabilities, religion, education, sexual orientation, political affiliation

Question 7

give some key examples of potenital communication difference among certain cultures?

Answer 7

eye contact
body language
personal space
duration of silence
expressive language
degree of directness

Question 8

What are guidelines for enhancing counseling communication?

Answer 8

-use focuses / intents
-use effective nonverbal behavior
-harmonize verbal/non-verbal
-use effective verbal
-understand communication roadblocks
-create supportive environment and be empathetic

Question 9

what are examples of non-verbal behaviour? how can someone have effective non-verbal communication?

Answer 9

tone, body language, mannerisms
-matching intensity of verbal / non-verbal messages
-avoiding unproductive non-verbal behaviours (yawning, looking at watch)

Question 10

what objectives are couseling responses designed to accomplish?

Answer 10

1) develop productive relationships
2) enhance listening to understand clients needs
3) provide tools to use motivational strategies

Question 11

what are the 4 focuses when using healthy conversation skills?

Answer 11

1) use open discovery questions
2) reflect on practice and conversations
3) spend more time listening than giving suggestions / info
4) Support someone to make SMARTER plan using open discovery questions

Question 12

what do open discovery questions typically start with?

Answer 12

what and how

Question 13

what do open questions start with? how are they effective?

Answer 13

Who, when and where
-help someone explore what they’re talking about, less open than “what” and “how” questions

Question 14

what are closed questions? be specific

Answer 14

yes or no questions

Question 15

what are empathy questions? how can they be a risky type of question?

Answer 15

questions that allow the other person to talk about how they’re feeling
-risk of mis interpretation or uncomfort

Question 16

how effective are “in my experience” or telling/ suggesting questions?

Answer 16

they’re not very effective, it may make the client less liekly to trsut you or you may make them feel worse

Question 17

what is a risk when asking “why” questions?

Answer 17

putting the client on edge, they may feel like what they’re doing is wrong

Question 18

what are some benefits of closed ended questions?

Answer 18

-details and clarification on a topic
-quantification of responses
-ending lengthy discourse

Question 19

what is a potential con of open ended questions?

Answer 19

can lead to rambling or lengthy answers

Question 20

what is a funneling question?

Answer 20

sentence of questions beginning with a broad topic and being narrowed down to specific item

Question 21

why are multiple questions at once problematic?

Answer 21

this can confuse the client and make them hesistant in their response

Question 22

what are question-answer traps? how are they problematic?

Answer 22

series of questions that are structured as statements as opposed to open questions
-can cause clients to feel as though they are being interrogated

Question 23

if asking multiple questions, what is the max number that should be asked in a row?

Answer 23

max 3

Question 24

how does empathizing increase effective communication?

Answer 24

helps the client feel understood and facilitate self acceptance and understanding

Question 25

what is the benefit of clarifying (promting) questions? give examples of this kind of question

Answer 25

encourages client to continue talking about concerns
-“tell me more”, trailing words (“and then?”, the last few words spoken by the client, “can you expand on that”, “what is an example in your life where this happens”

Question 26

what are 4 key componants to attending behaviour?

Answer 26

1) attentive body language
2) vocal style
3) eye contact
4) verbal following

Question 27

what is attending listening? what are 3 essentials of effective listening?

Answer 27

active listening - helps develop rapport and communication
-openness, cencentration and comprehension

Question 28

What are listening guidelines for counseling?

Answer 28

1) focusing before each session
2) listening for meaning not just words
3) use silence to examine / comprehend the words
4) be curious and avoid judgement
5) be present (focused) in the moment
6) use verbal and non verbal prompts
7) maintain good eye contact

Question 29

what is the benefit of paraphrasing what a client has said?

Answer 29

tells the client you are listening and allows them to clarify

Question 30

other than allowing the client to clarify and know you are listening, what are other benefits of paraphrasing?

Answer 30

1) allow transition to new topic
2) provide closure at the end of a session
3) help elicit self-motivational statements
4) give counselors time to decide how to proceed in the session

Question 31

what is legitimation?

Answer 31

normalization to communicate acceptance and validation of the clients emotional experience / reactions

Question 32

how does legitimation differ from a compliment? what are the benefits of this?

Answer 32

it focuses on the clients efforts without using praise or “I” statements (I am proud of you vs you are commited)

-helps build rapport and increase confidence in the ability to cope with challenges

Question 33

what are personal support statements and partnership statements?

Answer 33

personal suport- show that you are there to help your client adress problems and use availiable strategies

partnership- establishes collaborative relationship with client

Question 34

what is the benefit of a directing response?

Answer 34

provides the client with the info on how to do something
-educational component

Question 35

what is the benefit of allowing silence? what is a typical time period?

Answer 35

provides clients with time to reflect (30-60s)

Question 36

if silence is lasting awhile, how might an educator break it / deal with it?

Answer 36

1) repease last sentence or phrase spoken by client
2) ask what client is thinking abt during silence
3) wait for client to speka

Question 37

when might silence occur during a session?

Answer 37

• after results are given
• after open ended question
• during instructions
• after emotional reactions
• when processing info

Question 38

what are the challenges with giving advice during sessions?

Answer 38

-can undermine clients autonomy
-can increase dependence
-doean’t allow client to come to solutions on their own

Question 39

when noting discrepencies, what attitude should be adopted?

Answer 39

curious, caring and non-judgemental attitude

Question 40

what 5 ways can a discrepency be noted?

Answer 40

1) state observation without the word “but” (softer approach)
2) state observation with the word “but” (harder approach)
3) use contrasting points (“on one hand..”)
4) use “seems, appears, could there be” statements
5) directly name it

Question 41

what are ways to deal with challenging clients?

Answer 41

-stay calm
-acknowledge their feelings
- wait for them to calm down
- practice active listening
- find common ground
- establish control with facts
- end with a concrete plan

Question 42

what are effective ways to commincate complex information?

Answer 42

1) get content right and be concise
2) include little technical detail
3) use good body language
4) use metaphors / imagery
5) break it down
6) compare
7) chunk
8) storytell

Question 43

How can feedback be given to clients?

Answer 43

-be positive and specific
- note behaviour not traits
- don’t put client in defensive mode

Question 44

what is the goal of giving feedback to clients?

Answer 44

to tell them what you have directly observed about their verbal and non-verbal behaviour
- talk abt what they did and ask them what they think they can do differently