Topic 3A Eukaryotic Cells 1 Flashcards
What are the two broad types of cells?
Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
How does the ultrastructure of eukaryotic cells compare to prokaryotic cells?
Eukaryotic cells have a more complex ultrastructure than prokaryotic cells
What does the term ‘ultrastructure’ refer to?
The internal structure of cells
What is the typical diameter range of eukaryotic cells?
10-100 μm
What is the typical diameter range of prokaryotic cells?
0.1-5 μm
What are organelles?
Membrane-bound compartments within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells
What are the key structures shared by animal and plant cells?
Membrane-bound organelles, including a nucleus and larger 80S ribosomes
What are the key differences between animal and plant cells?
Animal cells contain centrioles and some have microvilli; plant cells have a cellulose cell wall, large permanent vacuoles, and chloroplasts
What are microvilli?
Folded regions of the cell surface membrane that increase surface area for absorption
What surrounds all cells and controls material exchange?
Cell surface membrane
What is the cell surface membrane also known as?
Plasma membrane
What is the function of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells?
Contains chromatin and is the site of ribosome production
What separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm?
Nuclear envelope
What are nuclear pores?
Channels allowing mRNA, ribosomes, and enzymes to travel in and out of the nucleus
What is chromatin?
Material from which chromosomes are made, consisting of DNA and proteins
What is the role of mitochondria?
Site of aerobic respiration producing ATP
What characterizes the structure of mitochondria?
Surrounded by a double membrane with inner folds called cristae
What type of DNA is found in mitochondria?
Mitochondrial DNA
What are ribosomes made of?
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins
What distinguishes 80S and 70S ribosomes?
80S ribosomes are found in eukaryotic cells; 70S ribosomes are found in prokaryotes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts
What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum?
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) and Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
What is the primary function of Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)?
Processes proteins made on ribosomes
What is the primary function of Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)?
Production, processing, and storage of lipids, carbohydrates, and steroids
What is the role of the Golgi apparatus?
Modifies proteins and lipids before packaging them into vesicles
