Topic 3: Motivation

Question 1

What did Munroe and Chandler investigate

Answer 1

Relationship between imagery/self confidence/self efficacy

Key research

Question 2

M+C aim

Answer 2

To investigate relationship between imagery (MG-M)/self cofidence/self efficacy
Specifically to see if younger athletes showed same benefits as adults

Question 3

M+C sample

Answer 3

122 m+f soccer players
Canadian
11-14 y/o
Over 6 years mean experience

Question 4

M+C Method

Answer 4

.parental and participant consent obtained
.demographics questionnaire taken (age, gender etc)
.3 measures taken: imagery, self.c, self.e
.P’s take sports imagery questionnaire (imagery), CTAI-2C questionnaire (self.c) and self efficacy questionnaire (self. e)
.questionnaires took 15 mins approx

Question 5

M+C results

Answer 5

All imagery subscales correlated strongly and positively

MG-M subscale was strongest correlation with both SEQ and CTAI-2C scores

Question 6

M+C conclusion

Answer 6

MG-M is a strong predictor of self confidence and self efficacy regardless of age

Question 7

Vealy’s model

Answer 7

model of sport confidence

3 aspects affecting sport confidence

Question 8

Vealy’s 3 aspects

Answer 8

Trait sport confidence
State sport confidence
Competitive orientation

Question 9

trait sport confidence

Answer 9

.your belief in your general sports ability

.based on previous experience

Question 10

state sport confidence

Answer 10

.ability to perform in specific sporting context e.g pen in football/free throw in b.ball
.confidence can change quite quickly

Question 11

competitive orientation

Answer 11

drive to succeed/how they define sporting success in a given situation
.are they driven by outcome orientation or performance orientation

Question 12

outcome orientation

Answer 12

driven by winning

Question 13

performance orientation

Answer 13

driven by performing well

Question 14

What did Bandura investigate

Answer 14

sporting self efficacy

Question 15

Bandura high self efficacy

Answer 15

individual know what is required from them and is confident they can do it successfully

Question 16

Bandura low self efficacy

Answer 16

individual is unclear on what is needed to be successful or if they do know, is not confident on being able to do it

Question 17

Bandura 4 factors effecting self efficacy

Answer 17

previous personal achievement
vicarious experience
verbal persuasion
emotional arousal

Question 18

previous personal achievement

Answer 18

better past experiences = higher self efficacy

Question 19

vicarious experience

Answer 19

is we see someone similar to us demonstrate a skill we are more likely to think we can do it

Question 20

verbal persuasion

Answer 20

encouraging praise can lead to higher belief/self efficacy

Question 21

emotional arousal

Answer 21

need to be emotionally ready and optimally aroused

Question 22

What did Van Raalte investigate

Answer 22

self talk

Question 23

self talk def

Answer 23

deliberate statements made by an athlete during a performance
can be positive or negative
can be focused on task of confidence

Question 24

instructional self talk

Answer 24

self talk focused on the task or aspects of it

Question 25

motivational self talk

Answer 25

self talk focused on improving confidence

Question 26

Van Raalte sample

Answer 26

60 undergraduates

all male

Question 27

Van Raalte procedure

Answer 27

.randomly assigned to p.s.t/n.s.t/control group
.positive repeated “you can do it!
.negative repeated “you cannot do it”
.control said nothing
.15 dart throws, measured mean distance away from centre bull

Question 28

Van Raalte results

Answer 28

positive showed better accuracy than negative (P<0.05)

no sig dif between negative and control

Question 29

What did Epstein investigate

Answer 29

underaged girls

TARGET approach

Question 30

TARGET approach

Answer 30

Tasks
Authority
Reward
Grouping
Evaluation
Timing

Question 31

Epstein: Task

Answer 31

.ensure training is varied and challenging

.focus on new skills rather than comparison

Question 32

Epstein: authority

Answer 32

let athletes make own decisions and evaluate themselves

Question 33

Epstein: reward

Answer 33

focus rewards on individual improvement rather than comparing

Question 34

Epstein: grouping

Answer 34

give chances to work together rather than against each other

Question 35

Epstein: evaluating

Answer 35

.specific feedback on how to improve

.focused on effort

Question 36

Epstein: timing

Answer 36

.give enough time for mastery of skills

.give feedback ASAP