Topic 3: Motivation Flashcards
What did Munroe and Chandler investigate
Relationship between imagery/self confidence/self efficacy
Key research
M+C aim
To investigate relationship between imagery (MG-M)/self cofidence/self efficacy
Specifically to see if younger athletes showed same benefits as adults
M+C sample
122 m+f soccer players
Canadian
11-14 y/o
Over 6 years mean experience
M+C Method
.parental and participant consent obtained
.demographics questionnaire taken (age, gender etc)
.3 measures taken: imagery, self.c, self.e
.P’s take sports imagery questionnaire (imagery), CTAI-2C questionnaire (self.c) and self efficacy questionnaire (self. e)
.questionnaires took 15 mins approx
M+C results
All imagery subscales correlated strongly and positively
MG-M subscale was strongest correlation with both SEQ and CTAI-2C scores
M+C conclusion
MG-M is a strong predictor of self confidence and self efficacy regardless of age
Vealy’s model
model of sport confidence
3 aspects affecting sport confidence
Vealy’s 3 aspects
Trait sport confidence
State sport confidence
Competitive orientation
trait sport confidence
.your belief in your general sports ability
.based on previous experience
state sport confidence
.ability to perform in specific sporting context e.g pen in football/free throw in b.ball
.confidence can change quite quickly
competitive orientation
drive to succeed/how they define sporting success in a given situation
.are they driven by outcome orientation or performance orientation
outcome orientation
driven by winning
performance orientation
driven by performing well
What did Bandura investigate
sporting self efficacy
Bandura high self efficacy
individual know what is required from them and is confident they can do it successfully
Bandura low self efficacy
individual is unclear on what is needed to be successful or if they do know, is not confident on being able to do it
Bandura 4 factors effecting self efficacy
previous personal achievement
vicarious experience
verbal persuasion
emotional arousal
previous personal achievement
better past experiences = higher self efficacy
vicarious experience
is we see someone similar to us demonstrate a skill we are more likely to think we can do it
verbal persuasion
encouraging praise can lead to higher belief/self efficacy
emotional arousal
need to be emotionally ready and optimally aroused
What did Van Raalte investigate
self talk
self talk def
deliberate statements made by an athlete during a performance
can be positive or negative
can be focused on task of confidence
instructional self talk
self talk focused on the task or aspects of it
motivational self talk
self talk focused on improving confidence
Van Raalte sample
60 undergraduates
all male
Van Raalte procedure
.randomly assigned to p.s.t/n.s.t/control group
.positive repeated “you can do it!
.negative repeated “you cannot do it”
.control said nothing
.15 dart throws, measured mean distance away from centre bull
Van Raalte results
positive showed better accuracy than negative (P<0.05)
no sig dif between negative and control
What did Epstein investigate
underaged girls
TARGET approach
TARGET approach
Tasks Authority Reward Grouping Evaluation Timing
Epstein: Task
.ensure training is varied and challenging
.focus on new skills rather than comparison
Epstein: authority
let athletes make own decisions and evaluate themselves
Epstein: reward
focus rewards on individual improvement rather than comparing
Epstein: grouping
give chances to work together rather than against each other
Epstein: evaluating
.specific feedback on how to improve
.focused on effort
Epstein: timing
.give enough time for mastery of skills
.give feedback ASAP
