Crim Topic 5: crime prevention Flashcards
Wilson and Kelling 3 elements
- Claims about the history of policing and the how the role of the police has changed over time
- Psychological claims about how criminal behaviour can develop
- They make various suggestions for the future
Wilson and Kelling: Claim 1 explained
.in the past the role of police was to maintain order
.following urban riots of the 1960s, “the police role … slowly changed from maintaining order to fighting crimes”
Wilson and Kelling: Claim 2 explained
.crime emerges through a “developmental sequence”
.this leads to breakdown of a community
e.g: property abandoned - weeds grow - window smashed - children become rowdy - families move out - unattached adults move in - fights break out - people use streets less - becomes more hostile
broken windows theory can apply to behaviour as well as property
Wilson and Kelling: Claim 3 explained
.key is for police to focus on order maintenance as their primary role
.police responsibility rather than communities
.Newark, New Jersey experiement
.”The key is to focus on areas at the tipping point”
Wilson and Kelling: Newark, New Jersey experiment
.”The state provided money to take officers out of patrol cars and assign them to walking beats”
.This didn’t reduce crime, but made communities feel safer
.disorderly behaviour managed through informal rules such as .”drunks could sit on stoops but not lie down”
Newman
defensible space
Newman: defensible space explained
.design buildings so that all space appears to belong to someone
.hallways and elevators should be eliminated from housing designs
.housing projects kept small
Newman: 4 key factors
Zone of territorial influence
Opportunities for surveillance
Image
Milleu
Newman: Zone of territorial influence
their should be markers to show area is private e.g fences or hedges
Newman: Opportunities for surveillance
physical layout should make it easy for intruders to be spotted
smaller groups of residents make it easier to identify who is/isnt an intruder
e.g build apartments around a courtyard so entrances are overlooked
Newman: Image
encourage personalisation of apartment blocks as it suggests individuality and privacy
Newman: Milieu
set surroundings of the buildings in more personal spaces e.g courtyard, rather than open spaces (easy escape)
Bratton
zero tolerance policy in New York
Bratton: Zero tolerance policy explained
the principles of Broken Windows was implemented by Bratton in NY, with Kelling as his advisor
Set up zero tolerance policy in 3 waves
Bratton: 3 waves
subway graffiti
subway fare dodging
quality of life crimes
Bratton: subway graffiti
1984 - 1990
cleaning station set up in the Bronx to ensure all subway carriages with graffiti were cleaned
would let kids spend 3 nights painting murals, just to paint over them
Bratton: Subway fare-dodging
1990 - 1994
teams of 10 officers in plain clothes assigned to stations that were prone to fare dodging
a city bus used as rolling police station to put those who were caught
1/7 had outstanding warrant for pervious crime
1/20 carrying a weapon
Bratton: quality of life crimes
1994 -
attention shifted to ‘squeegee’ men/public drunks/public urinators
Brown
CCTV in city centres
Brown: CCTV setting
Newcastle, Birmingham, Kings Lynn
Brown: IV and DV
IV: before vs after CCTV introduced
DV: level of crime (robbery/theft)
Brown: results
Newcastle: burglaries down 56% and criminal damage down 34%
Burrows: setting
4 underground stations
Burrows: IV and DV
IV: before vs after CCTV introduced
DV: levels of crime (robbery/theft)
