Crim Topic 5: crime prevention

Question 1

Wilson and Kelling 3 elements

Answer 1

1. Claims about the history of policing and the how the role of the police has changed over time
2. Psychological claims about how criminal behaviour can develop
3. They make various suggestions for the future

Question 2

Wilson and Kelling: Claim 1 explained

Answer 2

.in the past the role of police was to maintain order

.following urban riots of the 1960s, “the police role … slowly changed from maintaining order to fighting crimes”

Question 3

Wilson and Kelling: Claim 2 explained

Answer 3

.crime emerges through a “developmental sequence”
.this leads to breakdown of a community
e.g: property abandoned - weeds grow - window smashed - children become rowdy - families move out - unattached adults move in - fights break out - people use streets less - becomes more hostile
broken windows theory can apply to behaviour as well as property

Question 4

Wilson and Kelling: Claim 3 explained

Answer 4

.key is for police to focus on order maintenance as their primary role
.police responsibility rather than communities
.Newark, New Jersey experiement
.”The key is to focus on areas at the tipping point”

Question 5

Wilson and Kelling: Newark, New Jersey experiment

Answer 5

.”The state provided money to take officers out of patrol cars and assign them to walking beats”
.This didn’t reduce crime, but made communities feel safer
.disorderly behaviour managed through informal rules such as .”drunks could sit on stoops but not lie down”

Question 6

Newman

Answer 6

defensible space

Question 7

Newman: defensible space explained

Answer 7

.design buildings so that all space appears to belong to someone
.hallways and elevators should be eliminated from housing designs
.housing projects kept small

Question 8

Newman: 4 key factors

Answer 8

Zone of territorial influence
Opportunities for surveillance
Image
Milleu

Question 9

Newman: Zone of territorial influence

Answer 9

their should be markers to show area is private e.g fences or hedges

Question 10

Newman: Opportunities for surveillance

Answer 10

physical layout should make it easy for intruders to be spotted
smaller groups of residents make it easier to identify who is/isnt an intruder
e.g build apartments around a courtyard so entrances are overlooked

Question 11

Newman: Image

Answer 11

encourage personalisation of apartment blocks as it suggests individuality and privacy

Question 12

Newman: Milieu

Answer 12

set surroundings of the buildings in more personal spaces e.g courtyard, rather than open spaces (easy escape)

Question 13

Bratton

Answer 13

zero tolerance policy in New York

Question 14

Bratton: Zero tolerance policy explained

Answer 14

the principles of Broken Windows was implemented by Bratton in NY, with Kelling as his advisor
Set up zero tolerance policy in 3 waves

Question 15

Bratton: 3 waves

Answer 15

subway graffiti
subway fare dodging
quality of life crimes

Question 16

Bratton: subway graffiti

Answer 16

1984 - 1990
cleaning station set up in the Bronx to ensure all subway carriages with graffiti were cleaned
would let kids spend 3 nights painting murals, just to paint over them

Question 17

Bratton: Subway fare-dodging

Answer 17

1990 - 1994
teams of 10 officers in plain clothes assigned to stations that were prone to fare dodging
a city bus used as rolling police station to put those who were caught
1/7 had outstanding warrant for pervious crime
1/20 carrying a weapon

Question 18

Bratton: quality of life crimes

Answer 18

1994 -

attention shifted to ‘squeegee’ men/public drunks/public urinators

Question 19

Brown

Answer 19

CCTV in city centres

Question 20

Brown: CCTV setting

Answer 20

Newcastle, Birmingham, Kings Lynn

Question 21

Brown: IV and DV

Answer 21

IV: before vs after CCTV introduced
DV: level of crime (robbery/theft)

Question 22

Brown: results

Answer 22

Newcastle: burglaries down 56% and criminal damage down 34%

Question 23

Burrows: setting

Answer 23

4 underground stations

Question 24

Burrows: IV and DV

Answer 24

IV: before vs after CCTV introduced
DV: levels of crime (robbery/theft)

Question 25

Burrows: results

Answer 25

.1 year later, crime fell 70% at these locations
.fell by 38% across whole network, but only 25% in the 15 closest stations to those with the CCTV
.Crime being displaced

Question 26

Brown/Burrows: suggestion

Answer 26

CCTV can reduce crime where it is introduced, however will likely displace crime elsewhere

Question 27

Ernest et al

Answer 27

eyes on posters

Question 28

Ernest et al: setting

Answer 28

a university cafeteria

Question 29

Ernest et al: IV and DV

Answer 29

IV: posters contained messages to clear litter with either eyes or flowers
DV: amount of littering

Question 30

Ernest et al: results

Answer 30

50% reduction in littering when posters featured eyes