Sport Topic 1: Arousal and Anxiety

Question 1

Oxendine 1980

Answer 1

based on inverted U, but suggests there are individual differences between athletes, so different sports need different arousal levels
high arousal - gross motor activities
low arousal - complex/fine motor skills

Question 2

Oxendine scale

Answer 2

high - A.football tackle/w.lifting
        - long jump/wrestling
        - gymnastics/boxing
        - fencing/tennis
low  - g.putt/ archery

Question 3

Fazey and Hardy criticisms of inverted U

Answer 3

1) treats arousal/anxiety as same thing
2) no convincing evidence for validity of the predicted relationship between stress and performance
3) difficult to apply the model e.g implies gradual drop off if over aroused when its often a sudden, dramatic drop off

Question 4

Fazey and Hardy catastrophe model

Answer 4

low cognitive anxiety = follows inverted U
moderate/high cognitive anxiety = catastrophic decrease in performance when over aroused. athlete must sig reduce arousal to retain mediocre performance

Question 5

Fazey and Hardy testable predictions

Answer 5

1) when physiological and cognitive arousal both high, performance either excellent or catastrophic (all or nothing)
2) high physiological arousal will not always have negative effect on performance, but will if cognitive arousal is high
3) when cognitive arousal is high, same level of arousal can affect performance differently whether its increasing or decreasing

Question 6

Lindon and Mayan: Phase 1

Answer 6

Phase 1, readying: athlete directs thoughts to create optimal state for performing. Positive thoughts/emotions

Question 7

Lindon and Mayan: Phase 2

Answer 7

Phase 2, focusing attention: focus on 1 aspect of performance. Block out distractions/negative thoughts

Question 8

Lindon and Mayan: Phase 3

Answer 8

Phase 3, evaluating: performer judges previous performance and evaluates how effective the strategies used were

Question 9

who looked at rituals and pre performance routines

Answer 9

Lindon and Mayan

Question 10

Imagery

Answer 10

mental practise

5 categories

Question 11

5 categories of imagery

Answer 11

motivational specific (MS)
motivational general mastery (MGM)
motivational general arousal (MGA)
cognitive specific (CS)
cognitive general (CG)

Question 12

motivational specific

Answer 12

seeing yourself win an event/get a medal/being congratulated

Question 13

motivational general mastery

Answer 13

seeing yourself coping in difficult situations and mastering challenges e.g coming back from behind

Question 14

motivational general arousal

Answer 14

imagery that reflects feelings of relaxation/stress/anxiety/arousal in relation to sport competitions

Question 15

cognitive specific

Answer 15

seeing yourself perform specific skills e.g tennis serve/golf putt etc

Question 16

cognitive general

Answer 16

imagery of strategy/game plan e.g counter attacking in football

Question 17

Lindon and Mayan 3 stages

Answer 17

readying
focusing attention
evaluating