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Biology > Topic 2.1 > Flashcards

Topic 2.1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the job of the nucleus?

A

To control cell growth and contains DNA for the cell

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2
Q

What is the job of the mitochondria?

A

To generate ATP(energy)

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3
Q

What’s the purpose of the cell membrane?

A

*To regulate transport of materials in and out of the cell
*Site of chemical reactions
*Allows cell to change shape

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4
Q

What’s the purpose of ribosomes?

A

To synthesise proteins

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5
Q

What’s the purpose of SER?

A

To make cellular hormones such as hormones and lipids

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6
Q

What’s the purpose of RER?

A

To fold and package proteins, sending them to the Golgi

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7
Q

What’s the purpose of a lysosome?

A

They break down excess or worn out cell parts

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8
Q

What does the Golgi do?

A

An area where proteins sent by the RER are further processed and sent to the location needed

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9
Q

What does the Nucleolus do?

A

Produce the cell’s ribosomes

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10
Q

What’s the purpose of a nuclear envelope?

A

Provides structure to the nucleus and protects it from the cytoplasm

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11
Q

What does cell theory state?

A

Cells are a fundamental unit of structure, function and organisation in all living things

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12
Q

What’s the definition for magnification?

A

The degree to which the size of the image is larger than the actual object itself

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13
Q

What’s resolution?

A

The degree to which two points on an image can be distinguished by the amount of detail

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14
Q

What are integral proteins used for?

A

To transport things through the bilayer

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15
Q

What are peripheral proteins used for?

A

The glycoproteins attached atop receive and send messages

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16
Q

Definition of organelle?

A

Each structure within a cell

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17
Q

Definition of ultrastructure?

A

The details of inside the cell

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18
Q

Definition of protoplasm?

A

All the organelles inside the cytoplasm including the nucleus

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19
Q

From mm how what order does it go down by?

A

mm,um(micrometre), nm, pm

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20
Q

What’s the purpose of a centriole?

A

*Cell division in mitosis and meiosis by making a spindle of microtubules which pull chromosomes apart

21
Q

What’s the purpose of vacuoles?

A

Contains water and minerals to keep the concentration of the cytoplasm correct

22
Q

What’s the purpose of the cytoskeleton?

A

Moves organelles around and holds them in place, giving the cell its shape. Able to also move the whole cell

23
Q

How does protein transport go?

A

*mRNA copy of instructions to make a protein is sent out the nuclear pore
*It attaches to a ribosome on the RER, ribosome reads instructions and creates the protein
*The protein is folded and sent in a vesicle to the golgi, it fuses with golgi.
*Golgi packages it and sends it to its needed location, e.g.outside the cell, lysosomes…

24
Q

Describe plasmodesmata

A

Threads of cytoplasm that connect plant cells- it provides communication between the cells and joins the chemical environment of the adjacent cell

25
Q

Describe middle lamella

A

A dark line which is the boundary between plant cells

26
Q

What’s a tonoplast?

A

The membrane of a vacuole

27
Q

What’s an amyloplast

A

A membrane bound sac containing amylopectin- able to convert into glucose. Found in areas of plants that keep starch

28
Q

What’s cell fractionation?

A

Process of cells being broken up and the organelles separated

29
Q

Why is the fractionation solution cold, buffered and isotonic?

A

Cold- Reduces enzyme activity
Isotonic- Prevents cells from bursting or shrinking
Buffered- Maintain constant pH

30
Q

What are the 2 stages of cell fractionation

A

Homogenisation and Ultracentrifugation

31
Q

What takes place in Homogenation?

A

Cells are broken up by a homogenizer to release the organelles

32
Q

What takes place in Ultracentrifugion?

A

*Filtration of homogenizer liquid
*Put into centrufuge
*As the centrifuge spins more organelles appear, heaviest organelles at the bottom of the liquid

33
Q

What are the steps to make a system?

A

Specialized cells>Tissue>Organ>System

34
Q

What are examples of specialized cells and what do they do?

A

Muscular- contracts and brings about movement
Glandular- Produces substances such as hormones
Epithelial- Covers parts of the body
Connective- Holds things together in the body

35
Q

What’s the definition of an Organ?

A

Different tissues working together to perform a particular function

36
Q

What are the Organ Systems in animals?

A

Respiratory, Circulatory, Digestive, Renal, Skeletal, Reproductive, Nervous, Endocrine

37
Q

What’s the purpose of the Respiratory system?

A

To get O² in and CO² out the body

38
Q

What’s the purpose of the Circulatory system?

A

To carry gas, food and hormones around your body

39
Q

What’s the purpose of the Digestive system?

A

Breaks down food and gets the good substances out of it

40
Q

What’s the purpose of the Renal system?

A

It removes waste from your blood and stores it in your bladder

41
Q

What’s the purpose of the skeletal system?

A

It supports and protects the body

42
Q

What’s the purpose of the reproductive system

A

Produces hormones and gametes

43
Q

What’s the purpose of the nervous system?

A

Send electrical systems around the body back to the brain

44
Q

What’s the purpose of the Endocrine system?

A

They’re glands that produce hormones

45
Q

What are the plant organ systems and what are they used for?

A

Stem- Transport
Leaf- Collect energy for photosynthesis
Roots- Supports the plant
Flower- Looks for reproduction

46
Q

What are the 4 plant tissues and what are their purposes?

A

Epithelium- Covers leaf
Xylem- Transports water and minerals
Phloem- Transports dissolved food
Mesophyll- Where photosynthesis happens

47
Q

How does an electron microscope view specimens?

A

*Generates beam of electrons
*Use magnets to focus the beams
*Image is projected onto photographic paper to make grey scale image

48
Q

What are the advantages of an electron microscope?

A

*0.1 NM resolution
*Detailed images
*3D images

49
Q

What are the disadvantages of using an electron microscope?

A

*Electron beams deflected by air molecules
*Expensive
*Need training to use one

Biology (32 decks)

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