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Chemistry > Topic 20.2 - Synthetic routes > Flashcards

Topic 20.2 - Synthetic routes Flashcards

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1
Q

Synthetic routes

A

Produce intermediates. Because of this, it’s best to get the route with the least number of steps.

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2
Q

Alkane to halogenoalkane

A

Reactants: Alkane + halogen
Conditions: UV light
Mechanism: Nucleophilic substitution
Products: Halogenoalkane + hydrogen halide

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3
Q

Alkene to alkane

A

Reactants: Alkene + hydrogen₂
Conditions: 150°C, Nickel
Mechanism: Electrophilic addition
Products: Alkane

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4
Q

Alkene to alcohol

A

Reactants: Alkene + steam
Conditions: 300°C, phosphoric (V) acid, 6-7 MPa
Mechanism: Electrophilic addition
Products: Alcohol

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5
Q

Alkene to halogenoalkane

A

Reactants: Alkene + halogen / halide
Conditions: N/A
Mechanism: Electrophilic addition
Products: x-halogenoalkane / x,x-halogenoalkane

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6
Q

Alcohol to aldehyde

A

Reactants: Primary alcohol + [O]
Conditions: Potassium dichromate (VI) (K₂Cr₂O₇)
Mechanism: Oxidation
Products: Aldehyde

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7
Q

Alcohol to carboxylic acid

A

Reactants: Primary alcohol + [O] / first an aldehyde is produced, then by refluxing the aldehyde is oxidised further.
Conditions: Acidified potassium dichromate (VI) (H⁺/K₂Cr₂O₇)
Mechanism: Oxidation
Products: Carboxylic acid

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8
Q

Alcohol to ketone

A

Reactants: Secondary alcohol + [O]
Conditions: Potassium dichromate (VI) (K₂Cr₂O₇)
Mechanism: Oxidation
Products: Ketone

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9
Q

Alcohol to ester

A

Reactants: alcohol and carboxylic acid
Conditions: Concentrated sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄)
Mechanism: Esterification / condensation
Products: Ester + ?

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10
Q

Aldehyde to alcohol

A

Reactants: Aldehyde
Conditions: NaBH₄
Mechanism: reduction
Products: Alcohol

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11
Q

Ketone to alcohol

A

Reactants: Ketone
Conditions: NaBH₄
Mechanism: Reduction
Products: Secondary alcohol

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12
Q

Halogenoalkane to alcohol

A

Reactants: Halogenoalkane + ethanol
Conditions: Reflux with ethanol
Mechanism: Nucleophilic substitution
Products: Alcohol

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13
Q

Carboxylic acid to alcohol

A

Reactants: Carboxylic acid
Conditions: LiAlH₄
Mechanism: Reduction
Products: Alcohol

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14
Q

Nitrobenzene to benzene

A

Reactants: Nitrobenzene
Conditions: Tin (Sn) and concentrated HCl
Mechanism: Reduction
Products: Benzene

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15
Q

Benzene to nitrobenzene

A 
Reactants: Benzene 
Conditions: Concentrated HNO₃, H₂SO₄, and reflux at 60°C. 
HNO₃ + H₂SO₄ -> H₂O + HSO₄⁻ + NO₂⁺. 
NO₂⁺ is the electrophile for benzene.
Mechanism: Electrophilic substitution
Products: Nitrobenzene
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16
Q

Alcohol to alkene

A

Reactants: Alcohol
Conditions: Concentrated H₂SO₄, high temp
Mechanism: Dehydration
Products: alkene

Chemistry (25 decks)

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