Topic 10.1 - Fundamentals to organic chemistry Flashcards
Aromatic
Unsaturated, ring structure with two types of covalent bonds (ie single and double)
Aliphatic
Straight chain structures
Crude oils
alkanes, cycloalkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons (mostly)
Condensed structural formula
Most atoms and bonds are shown but some are shortened (ie methyl groups shown as CH₃)
2,3-dimethylbutane (H₃CCHCH₃CHCH₃CH₃)
Full structural formula
All atoms and bonds shown
Skeletal formula
/\/
Natural compounds
Found and produced in organisms
Synthetic compounds
Formed by using natural and man-made reactants
Functional group naming
Start counting carbons from left to right or the opposite way depending on the way to get the shortest functional group number. Bigger groups are prioritized. Numbers separated by commas, numbers and letters separated by hyphens.
ie pentan-2-ol instead of pentan-3-ol / 2,2-dichloropentane instead of 3,3-dichloropentane. 3-ethyl-2-methylhexane instead of 2-methyl-3-ethylhexane (or others)
Primary compound
Carbon connected to only one carbon (-C-H)
Secondary compound
Carbon connected to two carbons (-C-C-C-)
Tertiary compound
Carbon connected to three carbons C
(C-C-C-)
Biofuel
Substances whose energy is derived from carbon fixation in plants.
Primary, secondary, tertiary amine
-NH₂, -NCH₃H, -NC₂H₆
Catenation
Identical atoms joining together (ie carbons)
Homologous series
Series of compounds of the same family differing by a common structural unit
Physical properties of homologous series
As the number of carbons increases, the boiling point, viscosity, and density increase. Branched chains have lower boiling points - less tightly packed.
Functional group
Reactive parts of a compound. Names the compound.
Alkane
Functional group -> C-C / N/A
Suffix -> -ane
General formula -> CₙH₂ₙ₊₂
Example -> hexane (C₆H₁₄)
Alkene
Functional group -> C=C / alkenyl
Suffix -> -ene
General formula -> CₙH₂ₙ
Example -> but-2-ene (C₆H₁₂)
Alkyl
Functional group -> C≡C / alkynyl
Suffix -> -yne
General formula -> CₙH₂ₙ₋₂
Example -> but-2-yne (C₆H₁₀)
Arene
Functional group -> C-(cyclocarbon) / phenyl
Suffix -> - N/A
General formula -> CₙH₂ₙ₋₆
Example -> benzene
Halogenoalkane
Functional group -> C-X / N/A
Suffix -> N/A
General formula -> CₙH₂ₙ₊₁X / CₙH₂ₙX₂
Example ->
2-bromobutane (C₄H₉Br – H₃CCHBrCH₂CH₃)
2,2-dibromobutane (C₄H₈Br₂ – H₃CCBr₂CH₂CH₃)
Alcohol
Functional group -> -O-H / hydroxyl
Suffix -> -ol
General formula -> CₙH₂ₙ₊₁OH
Example ->
Ethanol (C₂HOH – H₃CCH₂OH)
Aldehydes
Functional group -> -HC=O / aldehyde
Suffix -> -al
General formula -> CₙH₂ₙO / RCHO
Example ->
Ethanal (C₂H₄O – H₃CCH=O)
Ketones
Functional group -> R-C=O / carbonyl
R/
Suffix -> -one
General formula -> CₙH₂ₙO / RCOR’
Example ->
Propanone (C₃H₆O – H₃CC=OCH₃)
Carboxylic acids
Functional group -> -COOH / carboxyl
Suffix -> -oic acid
General formula -> CₙH₂ₙ₊₁COOH / RCOOH
Example -> Propanoic acid (C₂H₅COOH -- H₃CCH₂COOH)
Esters
Functional group -> R-C=O / ester
\O-R
Suffix -> -oate
General formula -> CₙH₂ₙCOO / RCOOR’
Example -> Methyl ethanoate (C₂H₆COO -- H₃CCOOCH₃)
Ethers
Functional group -> R-O-R / ether
Suffix -> N/A (oxy in the name)
General formula -> CₙH₂ₙ₊₂O / R-OR
Example ->
Ethoxyethane (C₄H₁₀O– H₃CCH₂OCH₂CH₃)
Amines
Functional group -> R-N-R/H / amino
\R/H
Suffix -> -amine
General formula -> RNH₂ / RNHR’ / RNR’R”
Example ->
Propan-1-amine (C₃H₇NH₂ – H₃CCH₂CH₂NH₂)
Amides
Functional group ->R-C=O / amido
\NH2
Suffix -> -amide
General formula -> CₙH₂ₙ₊₁CONH₂ / RCONH₂
Example ->
Propanamide (C₂H₅CONH₂– H₃CCH₂CONH₂)
Nitriles
Functional group -> R-C≡N / cyano
Suffix -> -nitrile
General formula -> CₙH₂ₙ₊₁CN / RCN
Example ->
Propanenitrile (C₂H₅CN – H₃CCH₂CN)
Alkene vs alkane (reactivity)
Alkene > as the double bond is not as strong as two double bonds and the high electron density attracts electrophiles
