Topic 10.1 - Fundamentals to organic chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Aromatic

A

Unsaturated, ring structure with two types of covalent bonds (ie single and double)

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2
Q

Aliphatic

A

Straight chain structures

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3
Q

Crude oils

A

alkanes, cycloalkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons (mostly)

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4
Q

Condensed structural formula

A

Most atoms and bonds are shown but some are shortened (ie methyl groups shown as CH₃)

2,3-dimethylbutane (H₃CCHCH₃CHCH₃CH₃)

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5
Q

Full structural formula

A

All atoms and bonds shown

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6
Q

Skeletal formula

A

/\/

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7
Q

Natural compounds

A

Found and produced in organisms

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8
Q

Synthetic compounds

A

Formed by using natural and man-made reactants

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9
Q

Functional group naming

A

Start counting carbons from left to right or the opposite way depending on the way to get the shortest functional group number. Bigger groups are prioritized. Numbers separated by commas, numbers and letters separated by hyphens.

ie pentan-2-ol instead of pentan-3-ol / 2,2-dichloropentane instead of 3,3-dichloropentane. 3-ethyl-2-methylhexane instead of 2-methyl-3-ethylhexane (or others)

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10
Q

Primary compound

A

Carbon connected to only one carbon (-C-H)

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11
Q

Secondary compound

A

Carbon connected to two carbons (-C-C-C-)

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12
Q

Tertiary compound

A

Carbon connected to three carbons C

(C-C-C-)

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13
Q

Biofuel

A

Substances whose energy is derived from carbon fixation in plants.

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14
Q

Primary, secondary, tertiary amine

A

-NH₂, -NCH₃H, -NC₂H₆

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15
Q

Catenation

A

Identical atoms joining together (ie carbons)

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16
Q

Homologous series

A

Series of compounds of the same family differing by a common structural unit

17
Q

Physical properties of homologous series

A

As the number of carbons increases, the boiling point, viscosity, and density increase. Branched chains have lower boiling points - less tightly packed.

18
Q

Functional group

A

Reactive parts of a compound. Names the compound.

19
Q

Alkane

A

Functional group -> C-C / N/A

Suffix -> -ane

General formula -> CₙH₂ₙ₊₂

Example -> hexane (C₆H₁₄)

20
Q

Alkene

A

Functional group -> C=C / alkenyl

Suffix -> -ene

General formula -> CₙH₂ₙ

Example -> but-2-ene (C₆H₁₂)

21
Q

Alkyl

A

Functional group -> C≡C / alkynyl

Suffix -> -yne

General formula -> CₙH₂ₙ₋₂

Example -> but-2-yne (C₆H₁₀)

22
Q

Arene

A

Functional group -> C-(cyclocarbon) / phenyl

Suffix -> - N/A

General formula -> CₙH₂ₙ₋₆

Example -> benzene

23
Q

Halogenoalkane

A

Functional group -> C-X / N/A

Suffix -> N/A

General formula -> CₙH₂ₙ₊₁X / CₙH₂ₙX₂

Example ->
2-bromobutane (C₄H₉Br – H₃CCHBrCH₂CH₃)
2,2-dibromobutane (C₄H₈Br₂ – H₃CCBr₂CH₂CH₃)

24
Q

Alcohol

A

Functional group -> -O-H / hydroxyl

Suffix -> -ol

General formula -> CₙH₂ₙ₊₁OH

Example ->
Ethanol (C₂HOH – H₃CCH₂OH)

25
Q

Aldehydes

A

Functional group -> -HC=O / aldehyde

Suffix -> -al

General formula -> CₙH₂ₙO / RCHO

Example ->
Ethanal (C₂H₄O – H₃CCH=O)

26
Q

Ketones

A

Functional group -> R-C=O / carbonyl
R/
Suffix -> -one

General formula -> CₙH₂ₙO / RCOR’

Example ->
Propanone (C₃H₆O – H₃CC=OCH₃)

27
Q

Carboxylic acids

A

Functional group -> -COOH / carboxyl

Suffix -> -oic acid

General formula -> CₙH₂ₙ₊₁COOH / RCOOH

Example -> 
Propanoic acid (C₂H₅COOH -- H₃CCH₂COOH)
28
Q

Esters

A

Functional group -> R-C=O / ester
\O-R
Suffix -> -oate

General formula -> CₙH₂ₙCOO / RCOOR’

Example ->
Methyl ethanoate (C₂H₆COO -- H₃CCOOCH₃)
29
Q

Ethers

A

Functional group -> R-O-R / ether

Suffix -> N/A (oxy in the name)

General formula -> CₙH₂ₙ₊₂O / R-OR

Example ->
Ethoxyethane (C₄H₁₀O– H₃CCH₂OCH₂CH₃)

30
Q

Amines

A

Functional group -> R-N-R/H / amino
\R/H
Suffix -> -amine

General formula -> RNH₂ / RNHR’ / RNR’R”

Example ->
Propan-1-amine (C₃H₇NH₂ – H₃CCH₂CH₂NH₂)

31
Q

Amides

A

Functional group ->R-C=O / amido
\NH2
Suffix -> -amide

General formula -> CₙH₂ₙ₊₁CONH₂ / RCONH₂

Example ->
Propanamide (C₂H₅CONH₂– H₃CCH₂CONH₂)

32
Q

Nitriles

A

Functional group -> R-C≡N / cyano

Suffix -> -nitrile

General formula -> CₙH₂ₙ₊₁CN / RCN

Example ->
Propanenitrile (C₂H₅CN – H₃CCH₂CN)

33
Q

Alkene vs alkane (reactivity)

A

Alkene > as the double bond is not as strong as two double bonds and the high electron density attracts electrophiles