Topic 2: Sleep

Question 1

Define sleep

Answer 1

is a regular and naturally occurring altered state of consciousness that involves a loss of awareness and
disengagement with internal and external stimuli.

Question 2

list characteristics of sleep

Answer 2

• reduced ability to control behaviour
• a reduction in the control we have over thoughts
• less accurate understanding of the passage of time

Question 3

What is circadian rhythm

Answer 3

24 hour cycles are part of the body’s internal clock, running in the background to carry out essential functions and processes.

Question 4

Light impact of our body?

Answer 4

sends signals that make us alert and helps keep us awake and active

Question 5

Night impact our body?

Answer 5

initiates the production of melatonin, a hormone that promotes sleep, and the signals keep on going throughout to keep us asleep.

Question 6

What is REM

Answer 6

rapid eye movement, a type of sleep characterised by rapid eye movement, high levels of brain activity, and low levels of physical activity.

Question 7

What is NREM

Answer 7

a type of sleep characterised by a lack of rapid eye movement and is subdivided into 3 different stages

Question 8

What is a sleep episode?

Answer 8

the full duration of time spent asleep that is made up of multiple repeated cycles of REM and NREM sleep.

Question 9

REM Sleep Characteristics

Answer 9

• high-frequency brain waves
• active brain, less active body
• paralysed during REM sleep
• woken fairly easy
• increases as sleep episode progresses
• 20-25% of sleep episode

Question 10

NREM Sleep Characteristics

Answer 10

• less active brain
• muscle movement is possible
• dreams (non-vivid)
• 75%-80% of a sleep episode
• time spent in NREM decreases as sleep cycle progresses.

Question 11

Explain NREM Stage 1

Answer 11

• sleeper transitions from being awake into a light sleep (signified by the feeling of floating/falling)
• loss of awareness of themselves and surroundings
• aware of faint sounds

Question 12

NREM Stage 2

Answer 12

• sleeper is still in a relatively light sleep
• majority time spent in this stage

Question 13

NREM Stage 3

Answer 13

• sleeper in a deep sleep
• difficult to wake sleeper
• sleepwalking and sleeptalking are likely to occur

Question 14

What does brain waves tell us?

Answer 14

how much activity there is in the brain.

Question 15

Frequency

Answer 15

how many there are

Question 16

amplitude

Answer 16

how big they are

Question 17

What is an EEG? Electroencephalograph

Answer 17

a device that detects, amplifies, and records the electrical activity of the brain

Question 18

Purpose of EEG

Answer 18

• small electrodes attached to the scalp
• receives signals from thousands of neurons and turns this information into a visual pattern of brain waves.

Question 19

What is EOG? Electroculargraph?

Answer 19

a device that detects, amplifies, and records the electrical activity of the muscles responsible for eye, movement.
- NREM: low eye movement, small waves
- REM: high

Question 20

Purpose of EOG:

Answer 20

• small electrodes attached to the upper face around the eyes
• receives signals from the contractions of the muscles that are responsible for eye movement, and turn it onto a visual pattern
  LESS eye movement = NREM
  MORE eye movement = REM

Question 21

What is EMG? Electromyograph

Answer 21

a device that detects, amplifies, and records electrical activity of the muscles.

Question 22

Purpose of EMG?

Answer 22

• small electrodes attaches to lower face around the jaw
• receives signals from the contractions of muscles, turns it into a visual pattern

Question 23

How many sleep cycles a night?

Answer 23

4-5 cycles of REM/NREM sleep in a night
- each cycle lasts 80-100 minutes

Question 24

How many hrs of sleep does adolescents require a night?

Answer 24

9.5 hrs

Question 25

How does sleep change across the lifespan.

Answer 25

The older you get, the fewer hours you spend asleep per night decreases.
NREM in adolescents = 6hrs
NREM in adults = 5 hrs
REM in adolescents = 2.5
REM in adults = 1-1.5 hrs

Question 26

How much sleep do newborn babies require?

Answer 26

16 hrs

Question 27

How much sleep do adults require?

Answer 27

7 or more hours

Question 28

What is meant by delayed onset of sleep in adolescents?

Answer 28

There is a hormonally induced shift of the body clock forward 1-2 hours resulting in a delayed onset of sleep.

Question 29

What is delayed onset of sleep caused by?

Answer 29

A delay in the release of melatonin

Question 30

Affect of delayed onset of sleep

Answer 30

Affects teenagers as they tend to sleep later and want to wake up later. Feel more alert at night and tired in the morning.

Question 31

Benefits of a good night sleep?

Answer 31

Better cognitive skills
Improved memory
Better levels of attention
improved mood
improved immune system

Question 32

How to get a goods night sleep?

Answer 32

• Using your bed only for sleep
• No caffeine near bed time
• Limiting light exposure before bed
• Consistent sleep and wake time.

Question 33

What is sleep deprivation

Answer 33

a general term to describe a state caused by inadequate quantity or quality of sleep

Question 34

Causes of sleep deprivation

Answer 34

• school
• work
• sleep troubles

Question 35

Partial sleep deprivation

Answer 35

sleeping less than 6 hours per night

Symptoms:
- fatigued or lethargic throughout the day
- irritable
- change in mood: depressed anxious, stressed
- low motivation

sleep is too short or the quality of sleep is too poor

Question 36

Total sleep deprivation

Answer 36

no sleep within a 34 hr period

Question 37

Psychological effects of sleep deprivation.

Answer 37

Brain
- inability to pay attention/concentrate
- a decrease in problem-solving skills- reduced logical reasoning
- memory problems

Question 38

Physiological effects of sleep deprivation.

Answer 38

• decrease in physical strength
• a decrease in the body’s ability to fight off infections