Topic 2: Life During The Civil War

Question 1

Life in the Republican zone: what was Madrid like?

Answer 1

• run by Popular Front govt
• frequent bomb raids- caused food shortages
• industries/ factories brought under military control

Question 2

Life in Republican zone: what was Catalonia like?

Answer 2

• CNT took control- implanted anarchist political revolution
• drastic economic change
• visible signs of previous rulers removed
• churches destroyed and made into hospitals

Question 3

Life in Republican zone: similarities between Madrid and Catalonia?

Answer 3

• air-raids from Nationalists
• some parts of the industry was collectivised
• felt impact of the food shortages and price inflation

Question 4

Life in Republican zone: differences between Madrid and Catalonia?

Answer 4

• Catalonia run by anarchists/ Madrid run by central govt
• Madrid’s rule was less radical
• Catalonia’s govt was abolished

Question 5

By whom and why was the International Brigade set up?

Answer 5

• set up by communist international
• to assist Popular Front govt during Civil War

Question 6

How many people joined the International Brigade?

Answer 6

35,000

Question 7

What did the International Brigade do and what was their fault?

Answer 7

• they were poorly equipped and not trained

Question 8

What were the Republican atrocities?

Answer 8

• 80% of clergy was killed in Barbastro
• 6,000 priests, nuns were killed for supporting republic
• in Catalonia leading industrialist we’re targeted and landowners murdered

Question 9

What was the political terror in Republican zones?

Answer 9

• Republicans used Red Terror to control
• killed 55,000 people

Question 10

Who did the Red Terror target?

Answer 10

• falangists
• priests
• landlords
• supporters of CEDA

Question 11

What were the atrocities in the Nationalists zone?

Answer 11

• removal of political enemies/ threats
• Franco supported the killings of trade unionists, socialists, communists
• after victories Falange executed and oublic humiliated supporters of republic

Question 12

What people were effected by threats in nationalists zone?

Answer 12

• Franco persecuted bisexual, gay, lesbians
• gay men faced intimidation, imprisonment, execution
• lesbian women faced electroshock therapy

Question 13

Terror in Nationalists zone: what was Extremadua?

Answer 13

• 1,800 peasants executed so the land was given back to landowners
• their bodies were unburied and placed around field as threat

Question 14

What happened in Malaga in 1937?

Answer 14

Nationalists killed 4,000 people

Question 15

What was the Badajoz Massacre?

Answer 15

• August 1936
• shooting
• civilians and military supporters killed
• bodies left in the streets
• use of propaganda for fear

Question 16

What is martial law?

Answer 16

When military seized control of an area or countryb

Question 17

What happened in July 1936 in the Nationalists zone?

Answer 17

• rebel army declared martial law on areas under nationalists control
• army had power over people living there
• Franco had all power given back to wealthy landowners

Question 18

How did the Nationalists restore power?

Answer 18

• October 1936- crucifixes put up in schools
• 1938- gender segregation in schools
• education system different for boys and girls

Question 19

What was the Republican zone like for women?

Answer 19

• More liberating
• republicans supported women’s efforts

Question 20

What were the social and political roles in the Republican zone?

Answer 20

• new measure to ensure equality
• marriage gave women same rights as men
• Republican Spain first place where woman had cabinet position
• Federica Montenegrin- feminist- set up abortion clinics

Question 21

What women’s political group was formed in the Republican zone?

Answer 21

• communist women against racism
• organised women to work as nurses, staff at orphanages and factories

Question 22

Women in the military in the Republic zone?

Answer 22

• 1,000 women fought as part of socialist militia groups
• POUM militia took sexual equality seriously
• early enthusiasm for women in war was short-lived
• 1936 cabinet passed decree for withdrawal of women on front lines

Question 23

Women in the workplace in the Republican zone?

Answer 23

• need for labour in factories and war related industries
• women filled positions of men
• women faced conservatism of men and hostility

Question 24

What role did women have in the Nationalist zone?

Answer 24

• Traditional role in society
• women expected to support political views of conservative Spanish Catholicism
• inferior to men

Question 25

What parties recruited females?

Answer 25

• right-wing
• Falange- section femenina
• Carlists- margaritas