Topic 2 - Biological Molecules Flashcards
What is Alpha Glucose?
Structural isomer of Glucose - hydroxyl group lies below middle of carbon ring.
What is an Amino Acid?
Monomers that make up a Polypeptide (Protein), containing an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a variable R group.
What is Amylopectin?
A branched polysaccharide made of alpha glucose monomers joined by alpha-1,6 glycosidic bonds - make up starch w/ amylose.
What is Amylose?
A straight-chain polysaccharide made of alpha glucose monomers joined by alpha-1,4 glycosidic bonds - make up starch w/ amylopectin.
What is the Benedict’s Test?
Test for reducing sugars - turns substance from blue -> red in presence of reducing sugars.
What is Beta Glucose?
Structural isomer of Glucose - hydroxyl group lies above middle of carbon ring.
What is the Biuret Test?
Test for proteins - turns from blue -> purple in prescence of protein.
What is Cellulose?
A straight polysaccharide made of beta glucose monomers joined by alpha-1,4 glycosidic bonds - used for structure - provides strength to plant walls.
What is Collagen?
Type of Fibrous protein that provides strength to many different cell types + makes up connective tissues - no prosthetic groups.
What is a Condensation Reaction?
A type of reaction where two molecules are joined together involving the elimination of a water molecule.
What is a Disaccharide?
Molecules formed by the condensation of 2 monosaccharides.
What is a Disulfide bond?
A covalent bond formed between sulfur-containing cysteine side chains of amino acids.
What is the Emulsion Test?
Test for lipids - add ethanol + water to a substance, and in the prescence of lipids it will turn from colourless -> cloudy
What is a Fibrous Protein?
A class of long-chained proteins that are insoluble in water, and typically have strucutual roles (e.g. Collagen, Keratin.)
What is a Globular Protein?
A class of spherical-shaped proteins that are water-soluble and typically have metabolic roles (e.g. haemoglobin, insulin)
What is Glycogen?
Highly branched polysaccharide made of alpha glucose monomers that is used as the main storage of energy in humans and animals.
What is a Glycosidic Bond?
A bond between two monosaccharides formed by a condensation reaction.
What is Haemoglobin?
globular protein used to transport oxygen, made up of four polypeptide chains, each with a haem prosthetic group.
What is a Hydrogen Bond?
A type of bond formed between electropositive hydrogen and an electronegative atom like oxygen or nitrogen.
What is Hydrolysis?
A type of reaction involving the use of a water molecule that breaks the bond between two molecules.
What is an Iodine Test?
Test for starch - in the presence of starch iodine will turn from orange -> blue-black.
What is the Latent heat of Vaporisation?
The amount of energy required for a substace to turn from a liquid to a gas.
What is a Macromolecule?
A large molecule formed by condensation reactions between smaller molecules
What is a Monomer?
Smaller units from which a large chain is constructed.
What is a Monosaccharide?
The individual sugar monomers from which larger carbohydrates are made.
What is a non-reducing sugar?
a sugar that doesn’t have a free aldehyde or ketone functional group, and therefore can’t act as a reducing agent - e.g. sucrose,
What is a peptide bond?
The bond between amino acids formed by a condensation reaction between H of amine group of one molecule and OH of carboxylic acid group of another molecule.
What are Polymers?
Molecules made from large numbers of monomers joined together.
What is a Polysaccharide?
Molecules formed by the condensation of many monosaccharides.
What is the Primary Structure?
The individual sequence of amino acids in a protein.
What is the Secondary Structure?
The local interactions of amino acids in the polypeptide chain - either an alpha helix or a beta pleated sheet.
What is the Tertiary Structure?
The way that a whole protien makes a 3-D shape, with hydrogen bonds and disulfide bridges.
What is the Quaternary Structure?
The entire structure of proteins with multiple polypeptide chains - e.g. Haemoglobin, Immunoglobin
What is a reducing sugar?
A sugar with a free aldehyde or ketone group that can act as a reducing agent. (e.g. maltose, fructose, glucose.)
What is a solvent?
A substance which solutes are dissolved in
What is Specific Heat Capacity?
The amount of energy required to raise the temperatue of a substance by a specific amount.
What is Starch?
polysaccharide made of alpha glucose monomers that is used as the main energy store in plants.
What is Sucrose?
A disaccharide formed by the condensation of a fructose and a glucose molecule.
What is a Triglyceride?
A type of fatty acid formed by the condensation of one molecule of glycerol and 3 molecules of fatty acid.
