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biology year 12 a-level rev rev revision > Chapter 3 - Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Biological Molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

How many bonds can Carbon form with other molecules?

A

4

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2
Q

How many bonds can Nitrogen form with other molecules?

A

3

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3
Q

How many bonds can Oxygen form with other molecules?

A

2

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4
Q

How many bonds can Hydrogen form with other molecules?

A

1

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5
Q

What is the difference between a cation and an anion?

A 
Cation = positive charge ion
Anion = negative charge ion
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6
Q

What are the elements contained in Carbohydrates?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen (usually in ratio Cx(H20)x

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7
Q

What are the elements contained in Lipids?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

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8
Q

What are the elements contained in Proteins?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Sulfur

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9
Q

What are the elements contained in Nucleic Acids?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorous

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10
Q

What is the monomer in carbohydrates?

A

Saccharides

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11
Q

What is the monomer in proteins?

A

amino acids

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12
Q

What does it mean when a molecule is polar?

A

It has a positive and negatively charged end.

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13
Q

What are the bonds between water molecules called?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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14
Q

True or false - when water is turned into ice, it becomes less dense.

A

True - due to hydrogen bonds forming, a rigid, open structure is produced.

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15
Q

Water has cohesive properties - what does this mean?

A

the molecules are attracted to one another due to their polar properties.

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16
Q

Water has adhesive properties - what does this mean?

A

Water molecules are more strongly cohesive than they are to air, resulting in the water surface having a ‘skin’ of surface tension.

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17
Q

How does water make a good transport medium?

A

Adhesion + cohesion effects result in Capillary action - process by which water can move up a narrow tube against the force of gravity, making it a solid transport medium.

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18
Q

How does water provide a suitable habitat for fish?

A
  • Water is stable - doesn’t change temperature or state easily, meaning that it can provide a constant environment.
  • Ice forms on bodies of water from the top down, which creates an insulated climate below the surface and stops the whole body from freezing solid.
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19
Q

What is a monosaccharide?

A

A single sugar unit - e.g. glucose, fructose, ribose.

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20
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

A double sugar unit - e.g. lactose or sucrose.

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21
Q

What is a polysaccaride?

A

the linkage of two or more monosaccharides - e.g. Glycogen, Cellulose, or Starch.

22
Q

What is one of the most prominent monosaccharides observed in some biologically important carbohydrates?

A

Glucose - C6H12O6 - monosaccharide composed of 6 carbons

23
Q

What is the difference between Alpha Glucose and Beta Glucose?

A

The hydroxyl (OH) group is on opposite sides of the first carbon in the hexagon.

24
Q

What is a bond that is formed between 2 glucose molecules called?

A

Glycosidic Bonds

25
Q

Why would a bond be called a 1,4 Glycosidic bond?

A

The Carbon 1 of one Glucose molecule is joining up with the Carbon 4 of another Glucose molecule, to form Maltose.

26
Q

How is fructose formed?

A

Sucrose + Glucose -> Fructose

27
Q

How is lactose formed?

A

Galactose + Glucose -> Lactose

28
Q

What is a pentose monosaccharide?

A

A monsaccharide that contains 5 carbons (Hexose = 6, Pentose = 5)

29
Q

How is Starch formed?

A

many alpha glucose molecules joined by glycosidic bonds in a repeating chain forms starch - starch = chemical energy store, as it’s double helix structure makes it compact.

30
Q

What is the difference between Starch and Amylopectin?

A 
Starch = fully straight chain
Amylopectin = branched chain, due to some 1,6 glycosidic bonds present.
31
Q

What is a Hydrolysis reaction?

A

The splitting apart of molecules via the addition of water.

32
Q

What is a Condensation reaction?

A

The joining together of molecules to create a new molecule and a water molecule.

33
Q

How is Cellulose formed?

A

When Beta glucose molecules join together - alternate molecules must be upside down the the succesive molecule, meaning that there is no room for cellulose to coil, resulting in a perfectly straight chain.

34
Q

What does Benedict’s Reagent test for?

A

Reducing sugars - brick-red precipitate forms, indicating a positive result

35
Q

How can you test for non-reducing sugars in Benedict’s Reagent?

A

If you add the non-reducing sugars to the reagent, the reagent should remain blue, experiencing no colour change.

36
Q

What does Iodine solution test for?

A

Starch - iodine should change from yellow to blue-black in presence of starch.

37
Q

What is a biosensor?

A

A substance that uses biological componenets to determine the prescence and concentration of molecules (e.g. glucose)

38
Q

What is a lipid, and what is it made of?

A

A.K.A fats or oils - contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

39
Q

What state are fats and oils at room temp?

A

Fats - solid

oils - liquid

40
Q

What is a macromolecule?

A

a large complex molecule, with many repeating units.

41
Q

What is a triglyceride?

A

A molecule that combines one glycerol molecule and three fatty acid groups.

42
Q

What does a fatty acid group consist of?

A

Fatty acids = Carboxylic acids - contains a COOH group, with a hydrocarbon chain attatched.

43
Q

What does it mean when a fatty acid chain is saturated?

A

All the carbon atoms have the maximum number of bonds with hydrogen atoms - any double bonds present causes the chain to become unsaturated.

44
Q

What is the difference between Mono-unsaturated and Poly-unsatured?

A

mono - only one double bond between carbon atoms

poly - multiple double bonds between carbon atoms

45
Q

How does unsaturation affect the physical properties of the lipid?

A

Having double bonds causes the carbon chain to kink, meaning it can’t be packed as closely together or be linked as strongly, resulting in the lipid being liquid at room temperature.

46
Q

What is a phospholipid?

A

a modified triglyceride that contains the element phosphorous, along with carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

47
Q

Why are phospholipids soluble in water?

A

Inorganic phospohate ions have extra electrons and are therefore more negatively charged, resulting in the molecule being polar, and therefore soluble in water.

48
Q

What is unusual about Phospholipids structurally?

A

They have non-polar hydrophobic tails that repel water, but polar hydrophilic phosphate heads that are attracted to water.

49
Q

What is a Sterol?

A

Steroid Alcohol - type of lipid found in cells that have a 4-carbon-ring strucure with a hydroxyl (OH) group found at the end - e.g. cholesterol.

50
Q

What are some of the biological roles of lipids?

A
  • membrane formation + creation of hydrophobic barriers
  • hormone production
  • electrical insulation for impulse transmission
  • waterproofing (e.g. bird feathers)
51
Q

What is the emulsion test?

A
  1. Mix sample with ethanol + shake

2. Observe - if white emulsion forms on top of substance then fat is present, if not, then fat is absent.

52
Q

What is a protein?

A

A substance made up of amino acid molecules, consisting of one or more polypeptides.

biology year 12 a-level rev rev revision (16 decks)

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