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Small Animal medicine 1 - Practical > Topic 16 - Evaluate the given ECG curve! > Flashcards

Topic 16 - Evaluate the given ECG curve! Flashcards

1
Q

Which parameters is important to think of when interprenting an ECG?

A
  1. Details
  2. Axis
  3. Rate
  4. Rhythm
  5. Morphology
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2
Q

Name the waves of an ECG:

A
  1. P-wave
  2. QRS-complex
  3. T-wave
    (4. U-wave)
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3
Q

Name the intervals of an ECG:

A
  1. PR-interval
  2. ST-segment
    (3. J-point)
  3. QT-interval
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4
Q

What is the P-wave?

A

Atrial depolarization

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5
Q

What is the QRS-complex?

A

Ventricular depolarization

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6
Q

What is the T-wave?

A

Ventricular repolarization

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7
Q

What is the U-wave?

A

Occasionally follow the T-wave

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8
Q

What is the PR-interval?

A

The time between atrial depolarization and ventricular depolarization

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9
Q

What is the ST-segment?

A

The time between ventricular depolarization and repolarization

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10
Q

What is the J-point?

A

It is where the S-wave ends and the ST-interval begins

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11
Q

What is the QT-interval?

A

The time between ventricular depolarization and the end on repolarization

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12
Q

When you look at an ECG, what will indicate a normal P-wave?

A
  1. Positive on lead II
  2. Each p-wave should be follows by QRS-complex
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13
Q

What will an abnormal P-wave indicate?

A

Dilated right or left atrium

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14
Q

What will an absent P-wave indicate?

A

Atrial fibrillation

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15
Q

What will a prolonged PR-interval indicate?

A

It shows a slower conduction between atria and ventricles, which indicates and 1st degree AV block

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16
Q

What will a variable PR-interval indicate?

A

2nd AV block

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17
Q

How do we describe a QRS-complex?

A
  1. normal
  2. narrow (abnormal)
  3. widened (abnormal)
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18
Q

What will a narrow QRS-complex indicate?

A

Suggests that the problem is supraventricular (=above the ventricles)

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19
Q

What will a widened QRS-complex indicate?

A

Suggests that the problem is of ventricular origin or there is a block in the conduction system carrying the electrical signal to one of the ventricles

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20
Q

High amplitude of QRS-complex indicates?

A

Amplitude = avstanden fra en bølges største utslag (toppunkt eller bunnpunkt) til likevektstilstanden (midten)

Ventricular hypertrophy

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21
Q

Variable amplitude of QRS-complex indicates?

A

Pericardial effusion

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22
Q

What can an elevation of the ST-interval indicate?

A

Pericarditis

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23
Q

What can an depression of the ST-interval indicate?

A

Ischaemia

24
Q

Elevated J-point:

A

Can cause the appearance of the ST-elevation

25
Q

What is another name for ST-elevation?

A

Benign early repolarization

26
Q

How can we describe the T-wave?

A

Tall
Flat
Inverted

27
Q

Normal T-wave:

A

Positive and after with the QRS-complex

28
Q

What is a negative T-wave called?

A

Inverted T-wave

29
Q

When is an inverted T-wave normal?

A

In V, aVR and lead III

30
Q

When does an inverted T-wave become abnormal?

A

In the absence of ST-changes it might indicate ischaemic event

31
Q

What can a tall T-wave indicate?

A

Hyperkalaemia

32
Q

What can a biphasic T-wall indicate?

A

= Both negative and positive

Hypokalaemia
Ischaemia

33
Q

QT-interval

A

It varies with the heart rate

Faster heart rate = short QT-interval
Slower heart rate = longer QT-interval

34
Q

What can happen if the QT-interval is prolonged?

A

It may trigger a lethal ventricular arrythmia

35
Q

What is the U-wave?

A

It is associated with imbalances and hypothermia

36
Q

How can we examine the axis of an ECG?

A

We look at the different leads

37
Q

Why do we check the axis of an ECG?

A

We check for deviation.
It is not specific, byt can signal further abnormalities

38
Q

What does a normal axis look like?

A

Both lead 1 and aVF are positive

39
Q

What is shown if there is a right axis deviation?

A

Lead 1 is negative, but aVF is positive

40
Q

What happens if both lead 1 and aVF is negative on the axis?

A

there is an extreme axis deviation

41
Q

What happens if lead 1 is positive and aVF is negative on the axis?

A

There is a upper quadrant deviation

42
Q

How do we calculate the heart rate?

A

We count the squares of the ECG

43
Q

How long is a tiny square and a big square on the ECG, if the calibration is 25 mm/s?

A
44
Q

Show how we can calculate the heartrate if it is IRREGULAR:

A

We count the number of QRS-complexes over 10 seconds and multiply with 6 to get BPM

45
Q

what is it called when the heart rate is low?

A

Bradycardia

46
Q

what is it called when the heart rate is high?

A

Tachycardia

47
Q

How we find the rhythm of the heart rate?

A

We look at the gap between the QRS-complexes, and if it is an irregular gap = irregular rhythm

48
Q

What is the gap between the QRS-complexes called?

A

RR-interval

49
Q

Different irregular rhythms, what are they called?

A
  1. Irregularly irregular
  2. Regular irregular
50
Q

What is an irregularly irregular rhythm, and what can it indicate?

A

No clear pattern

Indicates: Atrial fibrillation

51
Q

What is an regular irregular rhythm, and what can it indicate?

A

Clear pattern

Indicates: 2nd degree AV block

52
Q

Additional considerations with ECG:

A
  1. ECG is a snapshot of the electrical activity
  2. The ECG needs to correlate with the presentation - Why the pasient needed an ECG to begin with
  3. Need to consider changes that happens over time
53
Q

What does a positive wave look like?

A

Upwards is positive

If a QRS-complex points upward = positive

54
Q

What does a positive wave look like?

A

downwards is negative

If a QRS-complex points downward = negative

55
Q

why do we get positive and negative waves?

A

There is a positive deflection when the activity goes toward the electrode and negative when it goes away from it.

Small Animal medicine 1 - Practical (16 decks)

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