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Bio 2040 final exam > Topic 15 > Flashcards

Topic 15 Flashcards

The reproductive system and pregnancy

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a gene

A

A gene is a stretch of DNA that governs one or more genetic traits

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2
Q

What is a genetic trait

A

A genetic trait is any inherited feature of an organism that can be measured or observed

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3
Q

What is a chromosome

A

A chromosome is where genes are located

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4
Q

What is a homologous pair

A

A homologous pair is the 2 copies of a type of chromosome

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5
Q

What are autosomes

A

Autosomes are homologous chromosomes that are exactly alike

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6
Q

What are sex chromosomes

A

Sex chromosomes are the X and Y chromosomes that determine sex

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7
Q

What is a gamate

A

Gamates are haploid specialized sex cells that only carry 23 chromosomes

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8
Q

What are male gametes known as

A

Sperm

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9
Q

What are female gametes known as

A

Egg or oocyte

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10
Q

What are the male primary sex organs

A

The male primary sex organs are the gonads, testes, and scrotum

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11
Q

Why do the testes/scrotum extend beyond the body

A

The testes/scrotum extend beyond the body as sperm production is more efficient when kept 2-4 degrees below body temperature

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12
Q

Where does sperm production occur

A

Sperm production occurs in seminiferous tubules

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13
Q

What happens once sperm is produced

A

The sperm matures within epididymis

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14
Q

What is the epididymis

A

The epididymis is a tightly coiled duct lying just outside each testis

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15
Q

Where does sperm go after leaving the epididymis

A

Sperm enters the vas deferens after leaving the epididymis

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16
Q

How does sperm move through the vas deferens and into the ejaculatory duct

A

The sperm curves around the bladder in the vas deferens and empties into the ejaculatory duct, these ducts then enter the urethra

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17
Q

When does sperm become semen

A

Sperm becomes semen once it leaves the penis

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18
Q

What also adds secretions to the seminal fluid

A

The seminal vesicles
The prostate gland
the bulbourethral glands

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19
Q

Where are the seminal vesicles located

A

The seminal vesicles are located at the base of the bladder and it has a duct that joins with the vas deferens and add nutrients and fluid to semen

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20
Q

What is the prostate gland

A

The prostate gland is the donut shaped gland that surrounds the upper portion of the urethra just below the bladder and adds fluid to semen

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21
Q

What is the bulbourethral gland

A

The bulbourethral gland is also known as Cowper’s glands are the pea-sized organs below the prostate on either side of the urethra and adds mucus-containing fluid to semen

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22
Q

What is benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

A

The prostate becomes enlarged and can squeeze off the urethra which makes urination painful and difficult

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23
Q

What are the female gonads

A

Paired ovaries

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24
Q

What do the ovaries produce

A

The ovaries produce eggs and the female sex hormones

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25
Q

What are the female sex hormones

A

Estrogen and Progesterone

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26
Q

Describe the uterine tubes

A

The uterine tubes, also known as the oviduct or fallopian tubes extend from the ovaries to the uterus

27
Q

Are the uterine tubes attached to the ovaries

A

They are not attached to the ovaries, they have fingerlike projections called fimbriae that sweep over the ovaries

28
Q

What is the uterus

A

The uterus is a thick walled muscular organ

29
Q

What is at the upper end of the uterus

A

The uterine tubes

30
Q

What is at the lower end of the uterus

A

The cervix

31
Q

What does the cervix enter

A

The vagina

32
Q

What does the vagina serve as

A

The vagina serves as a birth canal and as an exit for menstrual flow

33
Q

What is the ovarian cycle

A

The ovarian cycle is roughly a 28 day cycle of egg release or gamete production during a women’s reproductive years

34
Q

What do follicles contain

A

Follicles contain immature eggs called an oocyte

35
Q

What happens as a follicle matures

A

A follicle goes from a primary, to a secondary, and then a vesicular (Graafian) follicle

36
Q

What is ovulation

A

Ovulation occurs when the vesicular follicle bursts and releases the oocyte in a clear membrane

37
Q

What happens once the vesicular follicle loses the oocyte

A

Once the vesicular follicle loses the oocyte it becomes the corpus luteum which is a glandlike structure

38
Q

What happens if the egg is not fertilized

A

If the egg is not fertilized the corpus luteum disintegrates

39
Q

What hormones are involved in the ovarian cycle

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)

40
Q

What does the hypothalamus secrete in the ovarian cycle

A

The hypothalamus secretes gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

41
Q

What hormone does the anterior pituitary gland produce when stimulated by GnRH

A

The anterior pituitary gland produces follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) when stimulated by GnRH

42
Q

What does FSH promote

A

FSH promotes the development of follicles which produces estrogen

43
Q

What happens as estrogen levels rise

A

Estrogen levels cause a negative feedback loop as they rise that shuts off the production of FSH in the pituitary

44
Q

What does increased estrogen cause

A

Increased estrogen causes the endometrium to thicken

45
Q

What is the endometrium

A

The endometrium is the lining of the uterus

46
Q

What does the estrogen spike have a positive feedback effect on

A

The estrogen spike has a positive feedback effect on the hypothalamus which increases production of GnRH

47
Q

What does GnRH overproduction cause

A

GnRH overproduction causes a surge in LH released from the pituitary

48
Q

What does the LH surge trigger

A

The LH surge triggers ovulation

49
Q

What does LH promote

A

LH promotes the development of the corpus luteum

50
Q

What does the corpus luteum produce

A

The corpus luteum produces high levels of progesterone

51
Q

What happens when pregnancy does not occur

A

When pregnancy does not occur the corpus luteum regresses and a new cycle begins with menstruation

52
Q

When is menstruation caused

A

Menstruation is caused when high levels of progesterone bottom out

53
Q

What happens when there are high levels of progesterone

A

When there are high levels of progesterone the endometrial lining sheds

54
Q

What happens when there are low levels of estrogen and progesterone

A

Low levels of estrogen and progesterone cause the endometrium to distintegrate and blood vessels rupture causing menstruation to begin

55
Q

What is the uterine/menstrual cycle

A

The uterine/menstrual cycle is a series of changes within the uterine lining

56
Q

What are the 3 phases of the uterine/menstrual cycle

A

Menses
Proliferation phase
Secretory phase

57
Q

What happens during the menses phase

A

The lining is shed, this is known as the period

lasts anywhere from 3-7 days on avg.

58
Q

What happens during the proliferation phase

A

The endometrium begins to be built up again or “proliferate”

59
Q

What happens during the secretory phase

A

The endometrium prepares for implantation

60
Q

How does hormonal birth control work

A

Hormonal birth control provides a constant level of estrogen and progesterone which prevents the release of FSH and LH

61
Q

What does the loss of FSH and LH hormones mean

A

Follicles do not mature and without LH ovulation will not occur

62
Q

What is menopause

A

Menopause is the period in a women’s life when the ovarian cycle ceases

63
Q

What happens during menopause

A

The ovaries are no longer responsive to GnRH and the ovaries no longer secrete estrogen or progesterone

Bio 2040 final exam (6 decks)

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