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Bio 2040 final exam > Pregnancy and Human Development > Flashcards

Pregnancy and Human Development Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is fertilization

A

Fertilization is the union of a sperm and egg to form a zygote, it is the first cell of a new individual

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2
Q

How does fertilization occur

A

A single sperm is drawn into the egg by microvilli on its plasma membrane with the help of enzymes the sperm makes it across several outer layers of the egg, after the sperm binds to the plasma membrane changes occur that prevent other sperm from entering the egg

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3
Q

When is fertilization complete

A

Fertilization is complete when the sperm and egg contribute chromosomes to the zygote

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4
Q

What is infertility

A

Infertility is the failure of a couple to acheive pregnancy after one year of regular, unprotected intercourse

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5
Q

What is one of the causes of infertility in men

A

Low sperm count

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6
Q

What are some of the causes of infertility in women

A

body weight, blocked uterine tubes due to pelvic inflammatory disease, endometriosis

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7
Q

What is In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)

A

IVF is conception that happens in a lab in glassware

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8
Q

What is the IVF process

A

Immature eggs are harvested from the ovaries using a needle; immature eggs are brought to maturity in glassware and concentrated sperm are added then 2 to 4 days later embryos are transferred to the womens uterus

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9
Q

What is gestation/gestational period

A

The period of time required for a fetus to fully develop

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10
Q

What is the length of pre-embryonic development

A

The period from fertilization to implantation in the first 2 weeks

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11
Q

What is the length of embryonic development

A

Week 3 to week 8

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12
Q

What is the length of fetal development

A

Week 9 through to birth

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13
Q

What is a morula

A

A morula is a solid mass of cells that are all the same size and have the capacity to become any cell type

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14
Q

What is a blastocyst

A

A blastocyst is a hollow ball comprised of even smaller individual cells and they begin to specialize

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15
Q

How do the cells of blastocyst arrange themselves

A

The cells of blastocyst arrange themselves as an inner cell mass surrounded by an outer layer of cells

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16
Q

What does the inner cell mass of the blastocyst become

A

It becomes the embryo and the outer layer of cells become the chorionic sac and eventually the placenta

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17
Q

When does implantation occur

A

When the blastocyst attaches to the uterine wall

18
Q

When does ectopic pregnancy occur

A

Ectopic pregnancy occurs when the embryo doesn’t complete its journey to the uterus and implantation occurs somewhere else

19
Q

What is placenta previa

A

Placenta previa is when the placenta grows over the opening to the cervix

20
Q

What are the different types of cellular division

A

Cleavage
Differentiation
Morphogenesis

21
Q

What is cleavage

A

Cleavage is series of rapid, repeated cell divisions and occurs in the first 4 days after fertilization

22
Q

What is differentiation

A

Differentiation is when the cells of the developing infant began to specialize or take on different forms and functions

23
Q

What is Morphogenesis

A

Morphogenesis is the formation of organs and tissues during development

24
Q

What happens during embryonic development

A

The embryo undergoes rapid growth, differentiation and morphogenesis, by week 8 all the major organs and organ systems are present but not fully functional

25
Q

what happens during fetal development in the 2nd trimester

A

The face begins to resemble final form
Nervous and muscular systems have developed enough for movement to begin
Sexual differentiation
Fetal skin covered in fine hair (lanugo)
Fetus could survive

26
Q

What happens during fetal development in the third trimester

A

Eyes open and close
Sucking response develops
Can be startled by loud noises; movement is more regular
Fine hair layer is lost; develop protective fat layer
Testes descend in males

27
Q

What are the different types of prenatal screening

A

Amniocentesis
Chorionic villus sampling
Ultrasound
4D Ultrasound

28
Q

What is amniocentesis

A

A needle is inserted through the uterus to extract a small amount of amniotic fluid

29
Q

What is chorionic villus sampling

A

A small bit of the chorion is removed

30
Q

What is an ultrasound

A

An ultrasound is conducted by bouncing ultrasonic waves to observe the reflected patterns

31
Q

What is a 4D ultrasound

A

A 4D ultrasound is computer enhanced and shows facial features much clearer

32
Q

How does labour begin

A

Labour begins with hormonal triggers working in a positive feedback loop

33
Q

What do contractions stimulate

A

Contractions stimulate oxytocin production and more oxytocin means more and harder contractions

34
Q

What are the 3 stages of labour and delivery

A

Dilation
Expulsion
Afterbirth (Placental stage)

35
Q

What happens during the dilation stage

A

The cervix stretches to 10cm and the amniotic sac ruptures

36
Q

What happens during the expulsion stage

A

The expulsion stage occurs from the moment the fetus’s head enters the birth canal to the birth of the newborn

37
Q

What happens during afterbirth

A

Contractions continue to expel the placenta and associated membranes

38
Q

What is Induced labour

A

Induce labour occurs when the pregnancy exceeds 42 weeks and is conducted with IV injections of synthetic oxytocin to induce contractions

39
Q

What happens during a breeched birth

A

The fetus is positioned in a way that the butt or feet are below the head, and internal or external manipulation to turn the body

40
Q

When is a Cesarean delivery conducted

A

A cesarean delivery is done when the fetus cannot be delivered naturally

41
Q

What is a cesarean delivery

A

A surgeon opens the mother’s skin and uterus to life the baby out and remove afterbirth

Bio 2040 final exam (6 decks)

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