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Bio 2040 final exam > Topic 14 > Flashcards

Topic 14 Flashcards

The endocrine system

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the endocrine system used for

A

The endocrine system is used for communication and control using chemical signalling

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2
Q

What are hormones

A

Hormones are substances that are secreted by one set of cells that travel through the bloodstream and affect the activities of other cells

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3
Q

What happens with hormones in the body

A

Hormones get broadcasted throughout the body and it can get picked up by any cell that has the proper “receiver”

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4
Q

What are “receiver’s”

A

The receiver’s are receptors that are shaped so they can latch onto the hormone

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5
Q

What are target cells

A

Target cells are the cell types that can be affected by a given hormone

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6
Q

When does binding occur

A

Once the cell reaches the intended cell

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7
Q

How does hormonal production take place

A

Hormonal production takes place using specialized endocrine cells

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8
Q

What are some examples of endocrine cells

A

Pituitary
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Pineal

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9
Q

What are the 2 major groups of hormones

A

Amino acids and lipids

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10
Q

What hormones are derived from amino acids

A

Amines
Peptides
Proteins

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11
Q

What hormones are derived from lipids

A

Steroids

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12
Q

How do the two different types of hormones differ

A

The two different groups of hormones differ in hormone distribution, the type of receptor it binds to and function

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13
Q

What are amines

A

Amines are derived from a single amino acid

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14
Q

What are some examples of amines

A

Melatonin
Norepinephrine and epinephrine
Dopamine

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15
Q

What are peptides

A

Peptides are composed of short chains of amino acids

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16
Q

What are some examples of peptides

A

Insulin
ADH (anti directic hormone)

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17
Q

What are proteins

A

Proteins are composed of long chain polypeptides

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18
Q

What are some examples of proteins

A

Human growth hormone
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

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19
Q

What are steroids

A

Steroids are constructed around the chemical framework of the cholesterol molecule

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20
Q

What are some examples of steroids

A

Estrogen
Testosterone

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21
Q

What is a negative feedback loop

A

A negative feedback loop is the final product of a reaction that shuts off the reaction and stops the end product from being produced

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22
Q

What is a positive feedback loop

A

A positive feedback loop is the final production of a reaction that causes more of that production to be produced

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23
Q

What is Bisphenol A (BPA) used for

A

Bisphenol A is used in the manufacturing of some hard plastics and epoxy resins

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24
Q

What can BPA do

A

BPA can act as an endocrine disrupter; mimicking the hormonal effects of estrogen

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25
Q

What is the hypothalamus-pituitary complex

A

The hypothalamus-pituitary complex is the “command-centre” of the endocrine system

26
Q

What does the hypothalamus-pituitary complex do

A

The hypothalamus-pituitary complex secretes several different hormones that produce responses in target cells and other regulatory hormones and coordinates messages of the endocrine and nervous systems

27
Q

What does the posterior pituitary region do

A

It does not produce hormones, rather it stores and secretes hormones produced by the hypothalamus

28
Q

What are some examples of the posterior pituitary

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Oxytocin

29
Q

What is the Antidiuretic hormone

A

The Antidiuretic hormone controls retention of water in the body by the kidneys

30
Q

What is oxytocin

A

Oxytocin is a sex/reproduction hormone, in females it works in contractions of the uterus and release of milk, and in males it assists with ejaculation

31
Q

What does the Anterior pituitary region do

A

The anterior pituitary region manufactures 7 of its own hormones

32
Q

What does the hypothalamus produce

A

The hypothalamus produces seperate hormones that stimulate or inhibit hormone production in the anterior pituitary

33
Q

What is the effect of growth hormone (GH)

A

GH promotes growth of body tissues

34
Q

What is the effect of prolactin (PRL)

A

PRL promotes milk production from mammary glands

35
Q

What is the effect thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

TSH stimulates the thyroid hormone release from thyroid

36
Q

What is the effect of Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

ACTH stimulates the hormone release by adrenal cortex

37
Q

What is the effect Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

FSH stimulates the gamate production in gonads

38
Q

What is the effect of Luteninising hormone (LH)

A

LH stimulates the androgen production by gonads

39
Q

What are the associated hormones of the anterior pituitary lobe

A

Growth hormone (GH)
Prolactin (PRL)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinising hormone (LH)

40
Q

What is the effect of Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

ADH stimulates water reabsorption by kidney

41
Q

What is the effect of oxytocin

A

Oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth

42
Q

What are the associated hormones with the posterior pituitary lobe

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Oxytocin

43
Q

What is the effect of Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

A

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone stimulates melanin formation in melanocytes

44
Q

What are the associated hormones with the intermediate zone

A

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

45
Q

What is the thyroid gland

A

The thyroid gland is a butterfly shaped organ located in the neck/throat area

46
Q

What is the colloid

A

The colloid is the center of thyroid hormone production

47
Q

Where is the colloid located

A

Within the thyroid gland

48
Q

What are thyroid hormones

A

Thyroid hormones affect the body’s basal metabolism, heat production, protein synthesis, reproductive function, fetal and childhood development and growth

49
Q

What is calcitonin

A

Calcitonin is a hormone produced by the thyroid that is released in response to a rise in blood calcium levels

50
Q

What are some disorders of the endocrine system

A

Iodine Deficiency
Hypothyroidism
Hyperthyroidism

51
Q

What is the parathyroid

A

The parathyroid is the round structures found embedded in the thyroid gland, most people have 4

52
Q

What is the main parathyroid hormone involved in

A

The main parathyroid hormone is involved in regulation of blood calcium levels

53
Q

What are adrenal glands

A

Adrenal glands are large, wedge shaped glands attached to the kidneys

54
Q

What are adrenal glands composed of

A

Adrenal glands are composed of an outer cortex and inner medulla that are further subdivided into 3 zones

55
Q

What does the hypothalamus control

A

The hypothalamus controls the release of adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine) from the medulla of the adrenal glands

56
Q

What is cortisol

A

Cortisol is known as the stress hormone, it is produced by the adrenal cortex

57
Q

What does the Pineal gland produce

A

The pineal gland produces melatonin and serotonin

58
Q

What are anabolic steroids

A

Anabolic steroids are usually synthetic versions of the male sex hormone testosterone

59
Q

What are human growth hormones

A

Human growth hormones are sometimes abused by athletes to quickly build muscle mass or recover from injury

60
Q

What is the function of the pancreas in the endocrine system

A

The pancreas secretes several hormones that are involved with blood sugar levels like glucagon and insulin

61
Q

What is the function of receptors in the pancreas

A

The receptors in the pancreas sense blood gluclose levels and the pancreatic cells secrete glucagon or insulin to maintain normal levels

62
Q

What is the definition of diabetes

A

Diabetes is the dysfunction of insulin production and secretion or the target cells responsiveness to insulin can lead to diabetes

Bio 2040 final exam (6 decks)

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