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Bio 2040 final exam > Topic 13 > Flashcards

Topic 13 Flashcards

The nervous system

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 2 parts of the nervous system

A

Central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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2
Q

What is the central nervous system

A

The brain and the spinal cord

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3
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system

A

Anything outside of the brain and spinal cord and the sensory organs

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4
Q

What are the 2 basic types of cells that nervous tissues contain

A

Neurons
Glial cells

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5
Q

What is a neuron

A

A neuron is a cell, it has a cell body called the soma and additional extensions called dendrites and axons

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6
Q

What are dendrites

A

Dendrites are extensions of neurons that carry signals toward the neuronal cell body

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7
Q

What are axons

A

Axons are a single extension that carries signals away from the neuronal cell body

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8
Q

What is grey matter

A

grey matter is regions of the nervous system that contain many cell bodies and dendrites

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9
Q

What is white matter

A

white matter is regions of nervous tissue with many axons

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10
Q

Where are glial cells or glia found

A

Glial cells or glia are found in both the CNS and PNS

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11
Q

What is the function of glial cells or glia

A

Provides the membranous covering around neurons known as myelin

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12
Q

What is multiple sclerosis

A

Multiple sclerosis (MS) breaks down myelin making it more difficult for the neurons to transmit information

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13
Q

What does the Somatic Nervous System (SNS) have control over

A

conscious perception and voluntary motor responses

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14
Q

What does the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) have control over

A

Involuntary control of the body, usually to maintain homeostatis

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15
Q

What does the Enteric Nervous System (ENS) have control over

A

Control of the digestive system

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16
Q

What are the basic functions of the nervous system

A

Sensation
Response
Integration

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17
Q

Sensation

A

Responds to a particular event in the environment

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18
Q

Response

A

responds to a stimulus, some are voluntary and some are involuntary

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19
Q

Integration

A

Stimuli are compared with other stimuli or memories of other stimuli

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20
Q

What are the 4 regions of the brain

A

Cerebrum
Diencephalon
Brain stem
Cerebellum

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21
Q

How is the cerebrum divided

A

The cerebrum is divided into the left and right cerebral hemispheres by the longitudinal fissure

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22
Q

How large is the cerebrum region of the brain

A

The cerebrum consists of the majority of the brain

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23
Q

What is the cerebral cortex

A

The cerebral cortex is the outer wrinkled layer of the cerebrum, the site of thinking and processing

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24
Q

What is the function of the corpus callosum

A

The corpus callosum provides the major pathway for communication between the hemispheres

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25
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the brain

A

Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal

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26
Q

What is Brodmann’s areas used to describe

A

Used to describe the anatomical distinctions within the cerebral cortex, it was divided into 52 different regions

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27
Q

What is the premotor area

A

The premotor area is the area responsible for the thinking of a movement to be made

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28
Q

What is the primary motor area

A

The primary motor area is where voluntary commands begin and each section controls a part of the body

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29
Q

What is Broca’s area

A

Broca’s area controls muscular actions of the mouth, tongue and larynx

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30
Q

Where is Broca’s area located

A

The frontal lobe

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31
Q

What is the primary somatosensory area

A

This is where sensory information arrives from skin and skeletal muscles

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32
Q

Where is the primary somatosensory area located

A

The parietal lobe

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33
Q

What is located in the Occipital lobe

A

Primary visual area and visual association area

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34
Q

What is the function of the visual association area

A

The visual association area associates new visual information with memories

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35
Q

What is located in the Temporal lobe

A

The primary auditory area, the auditory association area, and wernicke’s area

36
Q

What is the function of the auditory association area

A

The auditory association area associates new auditory information with memories

37
Q

What is Wernicke’s area involved in

A

Wernicke’s area is involved in language comprehension

38
Q

What is the Diencephalon

A

The Diencephalon is the connection between the cerebrum and the rest of the nervous system

39
Q

What are the main regions of the diencephalon

A

The thalamus and the hypothalamus and also contains the epithalamus and subthalamus

40
Q

What is the function of the thalamus

A

The thalamus relays information between the cerebral cortex and the periphery, spinal cord, or brain stem. All sensory info except smell passes through the thalamus before being processed by the cortex

41
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus

A

The hypothalamus regulates homeostatis and is in charge of the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system. It is also involved in memory and emotion

42
Q

What is the brain stem composed of

A

The brain stem is composed of the midbrain and the hindbrain

43
Q

What is the function of the midbrain

A

The midbrain coordinates sensory representations of the visual, auditory and somatosensory perceptual spaces

44
Q

What is the function of the Pons

A

The Pons serves as a “bridge” relaying messages between the cerebrum and cerebellum.

45
Q

What does the medulla control

A

The medulla controls the major centers of unconscious functions, like our breathing, blood pressure and digestion

46
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum

A

The cerebellum compares information from the cerebrum with sensory feedback from the periphery through the spinal cord, it refines movement and maintains balance and equilibrium

47
Q

Sensory Perception

A

Sensation is the activation of sensory receptor cells at the level of the stimulus, perception is the central processing of the sensory stimuli into a meaningful pattern

48
Q

How can sensory receptors be classified

A

Sensory receptors can be classified structurally or they can be classified functionally based on the transduction of stimuli

49
Q

How can sensory receptors be categorized

A

Chemoreceptors
Mechanoreceptors
Photoreceptors

50
Q

What is the function of Chemoreceptors

A

Chemoreceptors interpret chemical stimuli like taste or smell

51
Q

What is the function of Mechanoreceptors

A

Mechanoreceptors interpret physical stimuli like pressure and vibration

52
Q

How are photoreceptors activated

A

Photoreceptors are activated by vision

53
Q

What is general sense

A

General sense is one that is distributed throughout the body and receptor cells are within other organs

54
Q

What is special sense

A

Special sense is one that has a specific organ devoted to it

55
Q

What is the name of the small bumps found on the tongue

A

Papillae, there are about 10,000 of these on the tongue

56
Q

What is Anosmia

A

Anosmia is the trauma to the face that leads to the loss of the olfactory nerve and therefore loss of the sense of smell

57
Q

What are the 3 parts of the ear

A

External
Middle
Inner

58
Q

What does the external (outer) ear consist of

A

Auricle (Pinna)
Auditory canal
Tympanic membrane

59
Q

What is the tympanic membrane

A

The tympanic membrane is the ear drum, the air and sound waves cause the membrane to vibrate, converting sound into mechanical motion

60
Q

What are the ossicles

A

The ossicles are the 3 small bones attached to the tympanic membrane known as the
malleus
incus
stapes

61
Q

How are the ossicles organized in the ear

A

The malleus is attached to the tympanic membrane, each bone then articulates with the other in this order and then the stapes is attached to the inner ear

62
Q

How is the middle ear connected to the pharynx

A

The middle ear is connected to the pharynx through the eustachian tubes

63
Q

What is the inner ear comprised of

A

The inner ear is comprised of the cochlea and vestibule

64
Q

How is the cochlea attached to the stapes

A

The cochlea is attached to the stapes through the oval window

65
Q

What is the oval window

A

The oval window is a membrane

66
Q

What is the cochlea

A

The cochlea is the fluid-filled coiled tube in the inner ear

67
Q

How many compartments are in the cochlea

A

3 compartments

68
Q

How does the cochlea work

A

Pressure waves pass through the cochlea and bend the cochlear canal, which generates the nerve impulse that sends the information on the sound to the brain

69
Q

What are cochlear implants

A

Cochlear implants are an external device implanted under the skin

70
Q

What is sight

A

A special sense based on the transduction of light stimuli received through the eyes

71
Q

What are the 3 layers of the eye

A

Fibrous tunic
Vascular tunic
Neural tunic

72
Q

What is the fibrous tunic

A

The fibrous tunic is the outermost layer made up of dense connective tissue that includes the sclera and cornea

73
Q

What is the sclera

A

The sclera is the whites of your eyes

74
Q

What is the cornea

A

The cornea is the clear ends of your eyes

75
Q

What is the vascular tunic

A

The vascular tunic is the middle layer that consists of the choroid, ciliary body, and iris

76
Q

What is the choroid

A

The choroid is the highly vascularized connective tissue that provides blood supply to the eyeball

77
Q

What is the ciliary body

A

The ciliary body is the muscular structure that attaches to the lens that helps to bend the lens to focus light on the back of your eye

78
Q

What is the iris

A

The iris is the coloured part of your eye and is a muscle that helps open or close the pupil

79
Q

What is the neural tunic

A

The neural tunic contains the nervous tissue responsible for photoreception

80
Q

What are the 2 cavities in the eye

A

The anterior cavity and the posterior cavity

81
Q

What is the anterior cavity

A

The anterior cavity is the space between the cornea and the lens, containing watery aqueous humor

82
Q

What is the posterior cavity

A

The posterior cavity is the space behind the lens, containing viscous liquid called vitreous humor

83
Q

What is the retina composed of

A

The retina is composed of several layers that contain specialized cells for the initial processing of visual stimuli

84
Q

What is nearsightedness

A

Nearsightedness occurs when the shape of the eye is elongated, and the image is brought into focus in front of the retina

85
Q

What is farsightedness

A

Farsightedness occurs when the shape of the eye is shortened, and the image is brought into focus behind the retina

86
Q

What is astigmatism

A

Astigmatism occurs when the cornea or lens is uneven, it makes images fuzzy and light rays cannot be evenly focused on the retina

87
Q

What is motor response

A

Motor response begins in the frontal lobe of the brain, the motor components of the somatic nervous system being with the frontal lobe of the brain where the prefrontal cortex is responsible for higher functions such as working memory

Bio 2040 final exam (6 decks)

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