TOPIC 13 - Inflammation Flashcards
inflammatory response
vascular response
cellular response
formation of exudate
healing
local response to inflammation
redness, heat, pain, swelling, loss of function
systemic response to inflammation
increased WBC
malaise
nausea
anorexia
increased pulse and resp rate
fever
what follows a fever with a systemic response to inflammation
patient then experiences chills and shivers
beneficial aspects of fever include
Increased killing of microorganisms
Increased phagocytosis
Increased proliferation of T cells
acute types of inflammation
Healing occurs in 2 to 3 weeks, usually leaving no residual damage
Neutrophils are predominant cell type at site of inflammation
subacute type of inflammation
Has same features as acute inflammation but persists longer
chronic type of inflammation
May last for years
Injurious agent persists or repeats injury to site
Predominant cell types involved are lymphocytes and macrophages
May result from changes in immune system (e.g., autoimmune disease)
acute interventions for inflammation
Observation
Vital signs
Fever management
drug therapy for inflammation
Aspirin
Acetaminophen
NSAIDs
Corticosteroids
healing includes what two major components
Regeneration
Repair
three functions to immunity
Defense
Homeostasis
Surveillance
what is immunity
the body’s ability to resist disease
types of immunity
innate
acquired
active and passive (natural)
active and passive (artificial)
innate types of immunity
Present at birth
First-line defense against pathogens
acquired immunity
Developed immunity
can be active or passive
natural active immunity
Natural contact with antigen through actual infection (e.g., chickenpox, measles, mumps)
natural passive immunity
Transplacental and colostrum transfer from mother to child (e.g., maternal immunoglobulins passed to baby)
artificial active immunity
Immunization with antigen (e.g., vaccines for chickenpox, measles, mumps)
artificial passive immunity
Injection of serum with antibodies from one person (e.g., injection of hepatitis B immune globulin) to another person who does not have antibodies
antigens definition
Substances the body recognizes as foreign that elicit an immune response
Most are composed of protein
antibodies definition
Immune globulins produced by lymphocytes in response to antigens
central primary lymphoid organs
thymus
bone marrow
function of thymus
Involved in the differentiation and maturation of T lymphocytes
function of bone marrow
Produces RBCs
peripheral lymphoid organs
Lymph nodes
Tonsils
Spleen
Lymphoid tissues associated with gut, genitals, bronchi, and skin
mononuclear phagocytes
Include monocytes in blood and macrophages found throughout body
Capture, process, and present antigens to lymphocytes to initiate an immune response
Capture antigens by phagocytosis
lymphocytes
Produced in bone marrow
Eventually migrate to peripheral organs
Differentiate into B and T lymphocytes
cytokine types
Interleukins
Interferons
Tumor necrosis factor
Colony-stimulating factors
Erythropoietin
mechanism of action of interferons
When a virus attacks a cell, the cell begins to synthesize viral DNA and interferon.
Interferon serves as an intercellular messenger.
Interferon induces the production of antiviral proteins. Then the virus is not able to replicate in the cell.
humoral mediated immunity
Bacteria
Viruses (extracellular)
Respiratory pathogens
GI pathogens
cellular mediated immunity
Fungus
Viruses (intracellular)
Chronic infectious agents
Tumor cells
IgG
Found in plasma and interstitial fluid. Crosses placenta to provide newborn with passive acquired immunity.
IgA
Found in body secretions: saliva, tears, breast milk, colostrum. Lines mucous membranes
IgM
Largest found in plasma; responsible for primary immune response; forms antibodies to ABO blood antigens
IgD
Found in plasma; ;present on lymphocyte surface; assists in differentiation of B lymphocytes
IgE
Found in plasma and interstitial fluids; causes symptoms of allergic reaction
humoral immunity
When an individual is exposed to an antigen for a second time, response is faster (1 to 3 days) and lasts longer
what is the main product of secondary response
IgG rather IgM
Immunosenescence
increased incidence of tumors
greater susceptibility to infection
increased autoantibodies
decreased cell mediated immunity
thymic involution
delayed hypersensitivity reaction
decreased IL-1 and IL-2 synthesis
decreased expression of IL-2 receptors
decreased proliferation response of T and B cells
decreased primary and secondary antibody responses
