Topic 12-2

Question 1

traits and gene expression are affected by the environment the organism develops and resides in:

Answer 1

gene-renvironment interaction

Question 2

if both members of a twin pair have a trait, the twins are said to be ________ for that trait; if they do not share the trait they are ________

Answer 2

concordant, discorant

Question 3

the percentage of twin pairs that are concordant for a trait

Answer 3

concordance

Question 4

genetically influenced traits should have higher concordance rates in _______ twins than _______ twins

Answer 4

monozygotic, dizygotic

Question 5

if a trait shows similar concordance b/w monozygotic and dizygotic twins then:

Answer 5

variations in the trait are likely not genetic

Question 6

field provides information to patients with geentic disorders and others concerned about heredity conditions

Answer 6

genetic counselling

Question 7

what is the goal of genetic testing?

Answer 7

to recognize potential genetic conditions at an early stage

Question 8

true or false: genetic testing can be done either prenatal or postnatal

Answer 8

true

Question 9

some prenatal genetic conditions can be visualized with:

Answer 9

ulstasonogrophy (ultrasound)

Question 10

what is ultrasonography?

Answer 10

a high frequency sound is beamed into the uterus, bounding back and indicating density of tissue –> non invasive

Question 11

ultrasonography can make fairly precise and detailed measurements to identify:

Answer 11

• neural tube defects
• skeletal abnormalities
• developmental disorders

Question 12

what is amniocentesis?

Answer 12

traditional prenatal testing requiring amniotic fluid from the uterus of a pregnant person –> invasive

Question 13

what are some disadvantages of amniocentesis?

Answer 13

• cannot be done until later in the pregnancy (15-18 weeks)
• culturing cells takes time
• invasive
• small increased risk of miscarriage

Question 14

chorionic villus sampling:

Answer 14

prenatal testing which can be performed between 10-12 weeks of pregnancy

Question 15

non-invasive screening:

Answer 15

• prenatal testing using only maternal blood
• highly desirable since it’s non-invasive
• can be performed as early as the 10th week of pregnancy

Question 16

newborn screening:

Answer 16

posnatal testing for genetic disorders in newbord infants

Question 17

postnatal genetic testing can help guide drug treatment - this is reffered to as:

Answer 17

pharmacogenetic testing