topic 1: introduction of transportation

Question 1

Why is transportation important?

Answer 1

1. It facilitates trade, commerce, conquest , and social interaction, while consuming a considerable portion of time and resources.
2. It acts as a link between manufacturing facilities and consumer markets.

Question 2

_____ permits commerce, reduces cost of raw mateials and increases competition between regions.

Answer 2

good transportation

Question 3

What are 4 social costs and benefits of transportation?

Answer 3

1. building vast transportation requires enormous resources
2. travel is not without danger
3. transportation can create noise
4. major task for the modern transportation enigneering is to balance society’s need

Question 4

How is the most efficient and cost-effective system created?

Answer 4

assuring that the environment is not compromised or destroyed

Question 5

What are the 4 modes of transportation?

Answer 5

1. road transportation
2. rail transportation
3. maritime transportation
4. air transportation

Question 6

What are 4 characteristics of road transportation?

Answer 6

1. accomodate various types of vehicle at a time
2. require relatively low capital investment for the government
3. saves time, especially for short distance travel
4. offers complete freedom to road users

Question 7

____ is one of the branches of Civil Engineering that deals with the planning, design, construction, maintennace, and management of road networks, bridges, and tunnels.

Answer 7

highway engineering

Question 8

____ is a sub-discipline of Civil Engineering that deals with the safe, efficient, and economical movement of people and goods on roadways.

Answer 8

traffic engineering

Question 9

What is the basic objective of traffic engineering?

Answer 9

achieve the free and rapid flow of traffic with the least number of accidents

Question 10

What are the 4 components of highway transportation?

Answer 10

1. driver
2. pedestrian
3. vehicle
4. road

Question 11

What are the 3 human response process of the driver characteristics?

Answer 11

1. visual reception
2. hearing perception
3. perception-reaction process

Question 12

What are the 5 under visual reception?

Answer 12

1. visual acuity
2. peripheral vision
3. color vision
4. glare vision and recovery
5. depth perception

Question 13

____ is the ability to see fine details of an object.

Answer 13

visual acuity

Question 14

____ is the ability of people to see objects beyond the cone of clearest vision.

Answer 14

peripheral vision

Question 15

____ is the ability to differentiate one color from another.

Answer 15

color vision

Question 16

What are the 2 types of glare vision?

Answer 16

direct and specular

Question 17

Rowland and other have indicated that ____ occurs when relatively bright light appears in the individual’s field of vision.

Answer 17

direct glare

Question 18

____ occurs when the image relfected by the relatively bright light appears in the field of vision.

Answer 18

specular glare

Question 19

Direct and specular glare results in a ______ of visibility and cause discomfort to the eyes.

Answer 19

decrease

Question 20

The time required by a person to recover from the effects of glare after passing the light source is known as _____.

Answer 20

glare recovery

Question 21

Studies have shown that glare recovery is about _____ seconds when moving from dark to light.

Answer 21

3

Question 22

Glare recovery can be ____ seconds or more when moving from light to dark.

Answer 22

6

Question 23

_____ affects the ability of a person to estimate speed and distance.

Answer 23

depth perception

Question 24

The ear receives sound stimuli, which is important to drivers only when hearing sounds, usually given out by emergency vehicles, are to be detected.

Answer 24

hearing perception

Question 25

____ is the process through which a driver, cyclist, or pedestrian evaluates and reacts to a stimulus.

Answer 25

perception-reaction process

Question 26

What are the 4 subprocesses of the perception-reaction process?

Answer 26

1. perception 2. identification 3. emotion 4. reaction or volition

Question 27

_____ the driver sees a control device, warning sign, or object on the road.

Answer 27

perception

Question 28

___ the driver identifies the object or control device and thus understands the stimulus.

Answer 28

identification

Question 29

_____ the driver decides what action to take in response to the stimulus.

Answer 29

emotion

Question 30

_____ the driver actually executes the action decided on during the emotion sub-process.

Answer 30

reaction or volition

Question 31

What is the PIEV time recommended by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)?

Answer 31

2.5 seconds

Question 32

AASHTO means _____

Answer 32

American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials

Question 33

What are the 4 pedestrian characteristics?

Answer 33

1. visual reception 2. hearing perception 3. perception-reaction process 4. walking speed

Question 34

Observations of pedestrian movements have indicated that walking speeds vary between _____.

Answer 34

3.0 and 8.0 ft/sec.

Question 35

At intersections, the mean male walking speed has been determined to be _____.

Answer 35

4.93 ft/sec

Question 36

The mean female walking speed has been determined to be _____.

Answer 36

4.63 ft/sec

Question 37

A more conservative value of _____ is normally used for design purposes in terms of walking speed.

Answer 37

4.0 ft/sec

Question 38

Consideration should be given to the relatively lower average walking speed of the handicapped pedestrian, which can vary from a low of _______.

Answer 38

1.97 ft/sec to 3.66 ft/sec

Question 39

What are the 3 vehicle characteristics?

Answer 39

1. static characteristics 2. kinematic characteristics 3. dynamics characteristics

Question 40

____ refers to the size of the design vehicle, weight of the vehicle.

Answer 40

static characteristics

Question 41

_____ involve the motion of the vehicle without considering the forces that cause the motion.

Answer 41

kinematic characteristics

Question 42

The primary element among kinemtatic characteristics is the _____ capability of the vehicle.

Answer 42

acceleration

Question 43

______ involve the forces that cause the motion of the vehicle.

Answer 43

dynamic characteristics

Question 44

What are the 4 forces that act on a vehicle while it is in motion?

Answer 44

1. air resistance 2. grade resistance 3. rolling resistance 4. curve resistance

Question 45

______ refers to the friction from the air.

Answer 45

air resistance

Question 46

_____ refers to the steepness of the road.

Answer 46

grade resistance

Question 47

_____ refers to the material of the road.

Answer 47

rolling resistance

Question 48

____ refers to the angle of the curved road.

Answer 48

curve resistance

Question 49

What is the under road characteristics?

Answer 49

sight distance

Question 50

_____ is the length of the roadway a driver can see ahead at any particular time.

Answer 50

sight distance

Question 51

What are the 2 types of sight distance?

Answer 51

1. stopping sight distance (SSD) 2. passing sight distance

Question 52

The _____, for design purposes, is usually taken as the minimum sight distance required for a driver to stop a vehicle after seeing an object in the vehicle's path without hitting that object.

Answer 52

stoppinf sight distance (SSD)

Question 53

This distance is the sum of the distance traveled during perception-reaction time and the distance traveled during braking.

Answer 53

stopping sight distance (SSD)

Question 54

The _____ is the minimum sight distance required on a two-lane, two-way highway that will permit a driver to complete a passing maneuver without colliding with an opposing vehicle and without cutting off the passed vehicle.

Answer 54

passing sight distance

Question 55

The ____ will also allows the driver to successfully abort the passing maneuver.

Answer 55

passing sight distance