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highway > topic 1: introduction of transportation > Flashcards

topic 1: introduction of transportation Flashcards

1
Q

Why is transportation important?

A
  1. It facilitates trade, commerce, conquest , and social interaction, while consuming a considerable portion of time and resources.
  2. It acts as a link between manufacturing facilities and consumer markets.
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2
Q

_____ permits commerce, reduces cost of raw mateials and increases competition between regions.

A

good transportation

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3
Q

What are 4 social costs and benefits of transportation?

A
  1. building vast transportation requires enormous resources
  2. travel is not without danger
  3. transportation can create noise
  4. major task for the modern transportation enigneering is to balance society’s need
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4
Q

How is the most efficient and cost-effective system created?

A

assuring that the environment is not compromised or destroyed

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5
Q

What are the 4 modes of transportation?

A
  1. road transportation
  2. rail transportation
  3. maritime transportation
  4. air transportation
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6
Q

What are 4 characteristics of road transportation?

A
  1. accomodate various types of vehicle at a time
  2. require relatively low capital investment for the government
  3. saves time, especially for short distance travel
  4. offers complete freedom to road users
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7
Q

____ is one of the branches of Civil Engineering that deals with the planning, design, construction, maintennace, and management of road networks, bridges, and tunnels.

A

highway engineering

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8
Q

____ is a sub-discipline of Civil Engineering that deals with the safe, efficient, and economical movement of people and goods on roadways.

A

traffic engineering

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9
Q

What is the basic objective of traffic engineering?

A

achieve the free and rapid flow of traffic with the least number of accidents

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10
Q

What are the 4 components of highway transportation?

A
  1. driver
  2. pedestrian
  3. vehicle
  4. road
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11
Q

What are the 3 human response process of the driver characteristics?

A
  1. visual reception
  2. hearing perception
  3. perception-reaction process
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12
Q

What are the 5 under visual reception?

A
  1. visual acuity
  2. peripheral vision
  3. color vision
  4. glare vision and recovery
  5. depth perception
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13
Q

____ is the ability to see fine details of an object.

A

visual acuity

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14
Q

____ is the ability of people to see objects beyond the cone of clearest vision.

A

peripheral vision

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15
Q

____ is the ability to differentiate one color from another.

A

color vision

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16
Q

What are the 2 types of glare vision?

A

direct and specular

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17
Q

Rowland and other have indicated that ____ occurs when relatively bright light appears in the individual’s field of vision.

A

direct glare

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18
Q

____ occurs when the image relfected by the relatively bright light appears in the field of vision.

A

specular glare

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19
Q

Direct and specular glare results in a ______ of visibility and cause discomfort to the eyes.

A

decrease

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20
Q

The time required by a person to recover from the effects of glare after passing the light source is known as _____.

A

glare recovery

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21
Q

Studies have shown that glare recovery is about _____ seconds when moving from dark to light.

A

3

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22
Q

Glare recovery can be ____ seconds or more when moving from light to dark.

A

6

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23
Q

_____ affects the ability of a person to estimate speed and distance.

A

depth perception

24
Q

The ear receives sound stimuli, which is important to drivers only when hearing sounds, usually given out by emergency vehicles, are to be detected.

A

hearing perception

25
Q

____ is the process through which a driver, cyclist, or pedestrian evaluates and reacts to a stimulus.

A

perception-reaction process

26
Q

What are the 4 subprocesses of the perception-reaction process?

A
  1. perception
  2. identification
  3. emotion
  4. reaction or volition
27
Q

_____ the driver sees a control device, warning sign, or object on the road.

A

perception

28
Q

___ the driver identifies the object or control device and thus understands the stimulus.

A

identification

29
Q

_____ the driver decides what action to take in response to the stimulus.

A

emotion

30
Q

_____ the driver actually executes the action decided on during the emotion sub-process.

A

reaction or volition

31
Q

What is the PIEV time recommended by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)?

A

2.5 seconds

32
Q

AASHTO means _____

A

American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials

33
Q

What are the 4 pedestrian characteristics?

A
  1. visual reception
  2. hearing perception
  3. perception-reaction process
  4. walking speed
34
Q

Observations of pedestrian movements have indicated that walking speeds vary between _____.

A

3.0 and 8.0 ft/sec.

35
Q

At intersections, the mean male walking speed has been determined to be _____.

A

4.93 ft/sec

36
Q

The mean female walking speed has been determined to be _____.

A

4.63 ft/sec

37
Q

A more conservative value of _____ is normally used for design purposes in terms of walking speed.

A

4.0 ft/sec

38
Q

Consideration should be given to the relatively lower average walking speed of the handicapped pedestrian, which can vary from a low of _______.

A

1.97 ft/sec to 3.66 ft/sec

39
Q

What are the 3 vehicle characteristics?

A
  1. static characteristics
  2. kinematic characteristics
  3. dynamics characteristics
40
Q

____ refers to the size of the design vehicle, weight of the vehicle.

A

static characteristics

41
Q

_____ involve the motion of the vehicle without considering the forces that cause the motion.

A

kinematic characteristics

42
Q

The primary element among kinemtatic characteristics is the _____ capability of the vehicle.

A

acceleration

43
Q

______ involve the forces that cause the motion of the vehicle.

A

dynamic characteristics

44
Q

What are the 4 forces that act on a vehicle while it is in motion?

A
  1. air resistance
  2. grade resistance
  3. rolling resistance
  4. curve resistance
45
Q

______ refers to the friction from the air.

A

air resistance

46
Q

_____ refers to the steepness of the road.

A

grade resistance

47
Q

_____ refers to the material of the road.

A

rolling resistance

48
Q

____ refers to the angle of the curved road.

A

curve resistance

49
Q

What is the under road characteristics?

A

sight distance

50
Q

_____ is the length of the roadway a driver can see ahead at any particular time.

A

sight distance

51
Q

What are the 2 types of sight distance?

A
  1. stopping sight distance (SSD)
  2. passing sight distance
52
Q

The _____, for design purposes, is usually taken as the minimum sight distance required for a driver to stop a vehicle after seeing an object in the vehicle’s path without hitting that object.

A

stoppinf sight distance (SSD)

53
Q

This distance is the sum of the distance traveled during perception-reaction time and the distance traveled during braking.

A

stopping sight distance (SSD)

54
Q

The _____ is the minimum sight distance required on a two-lane, two-way highway that will permit a driver to complete a passing maneuver without colliding with an opposing vehicle and without cutting off the passed vehicle.

A

passing sight distance

55
Q

The ____ will also allows the driver to successfully abort the passing maneuver.

A

passing sight distance

highway (10 decks)

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