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highway > pavement materials and design > Flashcards

pavement materials and design Flashcards

1
Q

_____ are of significant importance when a highway is to carry high traffic volumes with a large percentage of trucks.

A

soil properties

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2
Q

_____ are also of importance when high embankments are to be constructed and when the soil is to be strengthened and used as intermediate support for the
highway pavement.

A

soil properties

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3
Q

What are the 6 phase relations under basic engineering properties of soil characteristics?

A
  1. porosity
  2. void ratio
  3. moistur content
  4. degree of saturation
  5. density (dry, saturates, bulk/total)
  6. specific gravity
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4
Q

What are the 6 Atterberg limits of basic engineering properties of soil characteristics?

A
  1. shrinkage limit
  2. plastic limit
  3. liquid limit
  4. liquidity index
  5. permeability
  6. shear strength
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5
Q

Soils are classified into seven groups A-1 through A-7.
Group Index (GI) is computed using empirical formula.

A

AASHTO soil classification system

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6
Q

Soils are classified into four major groups of materials,
consisting of coarse-grained soils, fine-grained soils,
organic soils, and peat.

A

unified soil classification system (USCS)

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7
Q

_____ investigation of the soil characteristics on the highway route and the
identification of suitable soils for use as subbase and fill materials.

A

soil surveys for highway construction

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8
Q

What are the 2 geophysical methods of soil exploration?

A
  1. resistivity method
  2. seismic method
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9
Q

____ is based on the difference in
electrical conductivity or resistivity of different types of soils.

A

resistivity method

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10
Q

_____ is used to identify the location of rock
profiles or dense strata underlying softer materials.

A

seismic method

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11
Q

When soil is to be used as embankment or subbase
material in highway construction, it is essential that the
material be placed in ______.

A

uniform layers and compacted to a high density

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12
Q

Proper compaction of the soil will _____, thereby
enhancing the strength of the embankment or subbase.

A

reduce subsequent settlement and volume change to a minimum

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13
Q

_____ is achieved in the field by using hand-operated
tampers, sheepsfoot rollers, rubber-tired rollers, or other types of rollers.

A

compaction

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14
Q

What are the 3 tools used to achieve compaction?

A
  1. hand-operated tampers
  2. sheepsfoot rollers
  3. rubber-tired rollers
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15
Q

What are the 3 compactor tools?

A
  1. rammers
  2. plates
  3. rollers
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16
Q

What are the 6 types of rollers?

A
  1. self-propelled roller
  2. smooth roller
  3. pneumatic tire roller
  4. grid roller
  5. sheepsfoot roller
  6. track roller
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17
Q

____ are used widely all over the world in highway construction.

A

bituminous materials

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18
Q

These ____ are found in natural deposits or are obtained as a product of the distillation of crude petroleum.

A

hydrocarbons

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19
Q

What are the 2 bituminous materials used in highway construction?

A
  1. asphalts
  2. tars
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20
Q

All bituminous materials consists primarily of bitumen and have strong adhesive properties with colors ranging from _____.

A

dark brown to black

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21
Q

Bituminous materials vary in consistency and are divided into 3____.

A
  1. liquids
  2. semisolids
  3. solids
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22
Q

The ____ form is usually hard and brittle at normal temperatures but will flow when subjected to long, continuous loading.

A

solid

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23
Q

The ____ form is obtained from the semisolid or solid forms by heating , dissolving in solvents, or breaking the material into minute particles and dispersing them in water with an emulsifier to form an asphalt emulsion.

A

liquid

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24
Q

What are the 3 classifications of bituminous binders?

A
  1. asphalt cement
  2. asphalt cutbacks
  3. emulsified asphalt
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25
Q

What are the 2 other types of bituminous material that are now not used commonly in highway construction?

A
  1. blown asphalt
  2. road tars
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26
Q

_____ are obtained after separation of the lubricating oils.

A

asphalt cement

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27
Q

___ are semisolid hydrocarbons with certain physiochemical characteristics that make them good cementing agents.

A

asphalt cement

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28
Q

____ are very viscous, and when used as a binder for aggregates in pavement construction, it is necessary to heat both the aggregates and the asphalt cement prior to mixing the two materials.

A

asphalt cement

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29
Q

_____ has been designated by its penetration and viscosity, both of which give an indication of the consistency of the material at a given temperature.

A

grade of asphalt cement

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30
Q

The ____ grade used for highway pavement construction has a penetration value of 200 to 300.

A

softest

31
Q

The ____ grade used for highway pavement construction has a penetration value of 60 to 70.

A

hardest

32
Q

For some time now, however, ____ has been used more often than penetration to grade asphalt cements.

A

viscosity

33
Q

The ___ are liquified asphalt products prepared by mixing asphalt cement with a petroleum solvent.

A

asphalt cutbacks

34
Q

What are the 3 asphalt cutbacks?

A
  1. slow-curing asphalts
  2. medium-curing cutback asphalts
  3. rapid-curing cutback asphalts
35
Q

_____ are used mainly in cold-laid plant mixes, road mixes (mixed-in-place), and as surface treatments.

A

asphalt cutbacks

36
Q

_____ are produced by breaking asphalt cement, usually of 100 to 250 penetration range, into minute particles and dispersing them in water with an emulsifer.

A

emulsified asphalts

37
Q

_____ is obtained by blowing air through the semisolid residue obtained during the latter stages of the distillation process.

A

blown asphalt

38
Q

___ are obtained from the destructive distillation of such organic materials as coal.

A

tars

39
Q

What are the 4 main categories of the properties of asphalt materials?

A
  1. consistency
  2. aging and temperature sustainability
  3. rate of curing
  4. resistance to water action
40
Q

What are the 7 tests for asphalt materials?

A
  1. consistency tests
  2. penetration tests
  3. float tests
  4. ring-and-ball softening point test
  5. durability test
  6. rate of curing
  7. rheological tests
41
Q

The consistency of asphalt materials is important in pavement construction because the consistency at a specified temperature will indicate the ______.

A

grade of the material

42
Q

What are the 3 test under consistency test?

A
  1. Saybolt Furol Viscosity test
  2. kinematic viscosity test
  3. rotational viscosity test
43
Q

_____ gives an empirical measurement of the consistency of a material in terms of the distance a standard needle sinks into that materials under a prescribed loading and time.

A

penetration tests

44
Q

The _____ is used to determine the consistency of semisolid asphalt materials that are more viscous than grade 3000 or have penetration higher than 300, since these materials cannot be tested conveniently using either the Saybol Furol viscosity test or the penetration test.

A

float test

45
Q

____ is used to measure the susceptibility of blown asphalt to temperature changes by determining the temperature at which the material will be adequately softened to allow a standard ball to sink through it.

A

ring-and-ball softening point test

46
Q

____ is a test used to evaluate the susceptibility characteristics of asphalt materials to changes in temperature and other atmospheric factors.

A

thin-film oven test

47
Q

_____ and ____ of solvent are used commonly to indicate the rate of curing.

A

volatility and quantity

48
Q

What are the 2 tests under rheological tests?

A
  1. dynamic shear test
  2. bending creep test
49
Q

____ is used to determine the dynamic (oscillatory) shear modulus and phase angle of a sample of asphalt binder when tested in an oscillatory mode.

A

dynamic shear test

50
Q

Indirect loading techniques are used in this test to determine the tensile creep compliance of hot-mix asphalt under different loading times, tensile strength, and Poisson’s ration.

A

bending creep test

51
Q

What are the 4 structural components of a flexible pavement?

A
  1. asphalt concrete surface
  2. granular base
  3. subbase
  4. subgrade
52
Q

The ____ is usualluy the natural material located along the horizontal alignment of the pavement and serves as the foundation of the pavement structure.

A

subgrade (prepared road bed)

53
Q

Located immediately above the subgrade, the ____ component consists of material of a superior quality to that which is generally used for subgrade construction.

A

subbase

54
Q

What are the 3 requirements for subbase materials?

A
  1. gradation
  2. plastic characteristics
  3. strength
55
Q

____ is the process of treating soils to improve their engineering properties?

A

stabilization

56
Q

The ____ lies immediately above the subbase.

A

base course or granular base

57
Q

____ usually consists of granular materials such as crushed stone, crushed or uncrushed slag, crushed or uncrushed grave, and sad.

A

base course or granular base

58
Q

The ____ is the upper course of the road pavement and is constructed immediately above the base course.

A

surface course or asphalt concrete surface

59
Q

The surface course in flexible pavements usually consists of a mixture of _____.

A

mineral aggregates and asphalt

60
Q

The thickness of the wearing surface of the surface course can vary from _____, depending on the expected traffic on the pavement.

A

3 in. to more than 6 in.

61
Q

What are the 4 structural components of a rigid pavement?

A
  1. concrete slab (jointed)
  2. base course (non-erosive)
  3. subbase course (if needed)
  4. subgrade (existing soil)
62
Q

The _____ forms the existing soil layer that undergoes compaction using machinery to establish a strong foundation of the rigid pavement.

A

subgrade

63
Q

_____ experience less stress compared to the top layers as tension decreases with depth.

A

subgrade soils

64
Q

While of lower quality compared to the base course aggregates, they are of higher quality than the subgrade soil

A

granular subbase or stabilized subbase course

65
Q

In low-traffic situations, a subbase course may not be necessary, but when the loading exceeds ____ pounds, it should be included.

A

100,000

66
Q

____ primary function is to support the upper layers, contrl frost action, and prevent fined from the subgrade soil from infiltrating the surface layers.

A

subbase course

67
Q

Additionally, the ____ improves drainage capabilities.

A

subbase course

68
Q

Positioned as the second layer from the top, the ____, also called the granular base or stabilized base, is constructed using crushed aggregates.

A

base course

69
Q

This layer allows for additional load distribution on the surface course and provides a solid foundation for the rigid pavement.

A

base course

70
Q

Installing a _____ is beneficial, and in frost-prone areas, the stabilized base course helps control frost action and minimizes subgrade soil swelling.

A

base course

71
Q

The ___ should have a minimum thickness of 100mm.

A

foundation course

72
Q

The uppermost layer of rigid pavement, also known as the _____, is a concrete slab that directly withstands vehicle loads.

A

surface course or concrete slab

73
Q

Typically, the thickness of the concrete slab ranges from ______.

A

150 to 300 mm.

74
Q

What are the 2 under older’s theory?

A
  1. without dowels or tie bars
  2. with dowels or tie bars

highway (10 decks)

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