Topic 1 - Family and Household Flashcards
Define a Nuclear Family?
A nuclear family, elementary family or conjugal family is a family group consisting of two parents (a man and a woman) and their children (one or more)
Define a Household?
A household consists of one or more people who live in the same dwelling and share meals
What percentage of the UK population have Nuclear Families?
46%
What percentage of the UK population have single parent families?
25%
What is the percentage rise in one child families? (04’ - 14’)
3% increase
What is the reason for the rise of one child families?
- The expense of having a child 0-18 average (250k)
2. Women now have careers more often, having children later.
What did Parson argue with his 1955 study?
That the functionalist model of the family where there is a division of labor.
What did Parson believe in his study? (1955)
- He biologically associates the division of labor between female/male
- He believed that male role was to make money (Instrumental role)
- That women look after children, helps primary socialization (expressive role)
What could be an issue with Parsons study?
The fact the study could be outdated due to being made in 1955.
What did Young and Wilmott (1962) argue?
That things have changed since Parsons.
Feminists reject Parsons view as natural.
What did Bott (1957) find in his study?
He noted there are segregated and joint conjugal roles.
Parents instrumental roles of insturmental and expressive.
What is an issue with with Bott and Young and Wilmott study?
These studies did not include single parents, and only studied the working class. Therefore, it may only be relevant to a nuclear, working class family.
What later did Young and Wilmott (1973) argue?
That families are becoming more equal and a move to a more symmetrical family where roles are similar to extent.
What was an issue with Young and Wilmott (1973) study?
This was mostly young couples where two parents work.
Therefore this may not link to older families/ more traditional ones.
What is the Dual Burden?
Women who have to work as emotional support and primary carer.
What is the Triple shift?
It is when women have to work as emotional support, primary carer and work on top.
(Becoming more common as women having longer careers in work)
What did Oakley (1974) argue?
She was a feminist socialist who disagreed with functionalist view.
She argued that change is exaggerated and found that only 15% men helped in housework and 25% in childcare.
What was the issue with Oakley’s (1974) study?
She only looked at full time housewives and it is a relatively old study.
What did Boulton (1983) find?
That men contributed to specific tasks in child care, but not main responsibility.
This was a more up to date study that filled in Oakleys gaps.
What did Gershuny (1994) find?
Noted that with more women going to work, the labour in home is becoming more equal.
What did a 2006 study in domestic duties find?
- Only equal duty was grounds and animal care
- Women prepped food 2x more than men
- 3x more other housework.
Who did this 2006 study support?
Oakleys theory
What did a 1994-2012 study in household task split find?
- 5% increase in laundry by Men and 2% equally 94-12’.
- 43% 2012 equal food shopping (more equal)
- Supported Oakley and Gershuny.
What is the Feminist View of Households?
They believed that women going into paid work has not created equality (led to triple shift).
What did Boulton (1993) study find?
That women take care of child’s well being and security.
Fathers only carry out specific tasks.
What did Barun, Vincent and Bali (2011) study note?
They noted that fathers see themselves as breadwinners still.
And that childcare responsibility are in relation to relationships.
What did Southern (2011) note?
That the 24/7 society which pushed for time, Men + Women equal time.
However, Women are being fragmented by childcare. (Triple Shift).
What did Crompton and Lyonette (2008) note?
They found that inequality stems from the patriarchal nature of society. (Socialisation)
Also noted that economically women earn less so its sensible that they would stay home and look after children.
What did Gershuny (1994) find?
That the values are changing with women in full time work, breaking down norms and a new norms that men should do more domestic work
However what did Dunne (1999) find?
That lesbian couples had more symmetrical relationships and did not follow conventional gender identities.
What did Arber and Ginn (1995) find?
They noted that middle-class women with higher wages could pay for labor saving devices etc.
Could be said that M/C women down’t have the same conjunction role pressure as W/C women.
What did Sullivan (2000) find?
He noted that full time working for a women makes a big difference in how much domestic work each partner does.
Does full time work lead to better equality?
- Maybe for m/c women only
- Feminists believe patriarchy and culture of society
- None of these studies look at single parents (main focus is on Nuclear Families)
- Can depend on culture Western and Non-western
What did Barrett and Mackintosh (1991) note?
That in families there is imbalance of power linked to income/how its spent.
Men gain more from domestic work than they give in money and men make decisions based on how to spend the money.
What did Kempson (1994) argue?
Argues women will deny their own needs over their children + parties needs.
What do Paul and Volger (1993) note?
That there is control issues and some families do pool resources.
They then found (2007) that even with pool, men make the big financial descions.
What did Edgells (1980) find?
Study of professional couples, important finical and education based decisions made by men.
What did SMART (2007) note?
Found that some gay/lesbian couples attached no importance to who controlled money.
That many rejected the primary socialization systems.
How many experienced Domestic Violence (2011/2012)?
1.2 million between 2011/2012
What was the probability of men, women and children to experience it?
1 in 4 Women
1 in 7 Men
1 in 5 Children
What did Dobash and Dobash (2007) find?
Noted that violence is triggered by issues which husband see as a challenge to them.
It is argued that marriage legitimizes violence against them as a sign of conferring power and authority.
What did Walby and Allen (2004) find?
Women are more lightly to be victims of multiple incidents of abuse and sexual violence.
What did Yearnshire (1997) say?
Domestic violence is the crime least likely to be reported.
What did Cheal (1991) say?
Noted that there is a reluctance for police to become involved in family life.
This could be argued to be outdated due to new schemes and system to report domestic abuse.
What is the Radical Feminist view of Domestic Violence?
View the issue as it being embedded value and belief due to being a patriarchal society.
What did Firestone (1970) suggest?
That division in society based in patriarchy, see the violence inevitable as men wield power.
What did Elliot (1996) argue?
That not all men benefit from violence, not all are aggressive.
Wrong to assume all women are equally at risk.
What did ONS (2014) find?
Noted that specific groups are a a higher risk, younger women from lower social classes and incomes are more at risk.
Children from lower social classes are more at risk.
