Education: External Factors and Gender Differences in Achievement Flashcards
What did Angela McRobbie (1994) study?
She study women magazines 1970 - 1990s:
Found that 1970, the focus was on marriage
Found that 1990, had image of one independent women.
What changes have happened in families?
- Increased divorce rate
- Increased cohabitation and decline in number of first marriage
- Increase in lone parent families
- Smaller Families
What act was introduced in 1970?
Equal Pay Act: makes it illegal to pay women less than men for same job.
What proportion of working women are there?
Risen from 47% (1957) to 70% (2007)
What Sue Sharpe (1994) note?
Carried out interviews with school girls 70s then 90s
- 70s girls had less aspirations
- 90s girls had views of future careers
What Pat O’Conner (2006) note?
Found that marriage was not a major part of life plans (14 - 17 year old girls).
What did Beck and Beck - Gernshiem (2001) note?
Suggested that need for girls to be ambitious and independent mirrored a shift toward ‘individualism’.
What did Coral Fuller (2011) find?
Educational success was more important to girls and that W/C girls wished to leave school early to go low paid jobs.
What did Diane Reay (1998) say?
W/C girls tended to have gender-stereotyped aspirations
W/C girls felt career unlightly, status gained with family and kids.
What did Biggart (2001) say?
W/C girls still considered motherhood to be most important aspect of their future
What were some equal opportunities polices?
GIST: Girls into Science and Technology
WISE: Women into Science and Engineering
- Introduced a national curriculum to make boys and girls study same subjects.
What did Stephen Gorard (2005) find?
Found the gender gap was constant 1975 till 1988, then it started to favor girls with into of GCSE intorduction.
What did Mitsos and Browne (1998) find?
Suggested that girls more successful at coursework because they are better at meeting deadlines and more organized.
What did Joan Swann and David Graddol (1993) say?
Boys attract more teacher attention so they get more opportunity to speak (negative attention).
Girls got more positive attention.
What did Swann (1998) find?
Boys dominated class discussions but girls prefer group work and cooperation.
