Topic 1 Element 1 & 2 Flashcards
Medieval gardens : Role and purpose:
Recreation for the wealthy (within castle walls);
monastic gardens for contemplation,
physic gardens for herbs
Medieval gardens : Historical period
1066-1485 roughly (Norman Conquest – Bosworth)
Tudor Garden : Historical period
1485 – 1603
Henry VI to end of Elizabeth I including Henry VIII
Medieval gardens : Key Characteristics
hortus conclusus, enclosed gardens protecting users from the ‘wilderness’.
Wattle fencing, trellis, stonework to exclude outsiders. Flowers, fruit trees, ‘flowery mead’ and turf seats.
Often quadrants, water in rills.
Limited palette of native plants plus early ‘exotics’ like roses, carnations.
‘Mary gardens’ – plants associated by name/tradition with the Virgin Mary. Lilium candidum.
Medieval gardens, Influences on the development of this garden-style - ‘Spirit of the Age’
Religion – specifically Christian, and Catholic. Introspective.
Also Courtly Love and the ‘Roman de la Rose’.
Medieval gardens, Influences on the development of this garden-style - Politics, society, and common values
Feudal society, serfdom; religion very important; monastic orders wealthy custodians of literature and learning, medicine.
The Black Death and Peasants Revolt bring the end of feudalism.
Medieval gardens, Influences on the development of this garden-style - Exploration and trade
Contacts mainly Europe and Near East, Islamic influences on garden style from C14 Spain. Crusaders bring in some plants: roses, rosemary, sage, thyme.
Medieval gardens, Influences on the development of this garden-style : Colonialisation and the development of empire
Parts of France still English; technically, all of England a Norman-French colony?
Crusades to Holy Land ( Christian ‘Kingdom of Jerusalem’ 1099-1291)
Medieval gardens, Influences on the development of this garden-style : The assimilation of gardening styles from different cultures:
Islamic influences on garden style from C14 Spain bring in earlier Persian garden themes – enclosed or walled gardens in four quadrants (Charbagh or Chahar Bagh) , central water feature with rills, theme of paradise garden.
(These themes are picked up again repeatedly in later garden styles)
Medieval gardens, Influences on the development of this garden-style : Evolving concepts of the garden
Green space =: hunting park for nobility;
Garden = secluded space within castle walls for flirting and courtly love, for meditation and prayer in a monastery,
herbs for physic garden
Medieval gardens, Influences on the development of this garden-style : Art and architectural style
Norman (round arches) Gothic (pointed arches); period in which amazing churches and cathedrals were constructed by gangs of skilled stonemasons. Westminster Hall (House of Commons) - medieval hammer beam roof.
Tudor gardens : Role and purpose:
Display of wealth, a place for recreation for the very wealthy.
Growing herbs and medicinal plants
Kitchen gardens contributed to food production.
Tudor gardens : Key Characteristics
Knot gardens are created using low-growing plants and herbs, intricately woven or clipped into elaborate patterns.
Terraces – to provide different levels
Topiary
Herb Gardens
Tudor Gardens : Named examples of this style of garden
Montacute
The Vyne
Hampton Court
Tudor Gardens : Key designers and their work
Cardinal Wolsey and Hampton Court.
Tudor Gardens : Influences on the development of this garden style ‘Spirit of the Age’
Period of Reformation – End of Catholic church and control from Rome – beginning of Church of England. Catholicism to Protestantism
Influence by the French especially under Henry ViII
Period of extended wealth and growth of the Empire, beginning of exploration
A sense of order reflected in symmetry and management of nature
Tudor Gardens : Influences on the development of this garden style - Politics, society, and common values
This was a period of significant change for the majority of the rural population, with manorial lords beginning the process of enclosure of village lands that previously had been open to everyone.
Tudor Gardens : Influences on the development of this garden style : Exploration and trade
A period of growing interest. Columbus was at the beginning of the period. Trade is cloth and wool was starting.
Issues with trade routes with Drake particularly in competition with the Spanish.
Tudor Gardens : Influences on the development of this garden style. Colonialisation and the development of empire
Recognised the importance of military requirements, not much colonisation.
Tudor Gardens : Influences on the development of this garden style. The assimilation of gardening styles from different cultures
Early Tudor gardens were influenced by medieval designs, while later in the period,
Renaissance influences became more pronounced, with a shift towards symmetry and classical elements.
Tudor Gardens : Influences on the development of this garden style. Evolving concepts of the garden
The use of water features, such as fountains and ponds, became more prevalent.
Hunting and deer parks are maintained for hunting. Large natural landscapes with planned spaces for livestock.
Tudor Gardens : Influences on the development of this garden style. Religion/belief and philosophy
Catholicism to Protestantism
Tudor Gardens : Influences on the development of this garden style.
Overall, Tudor gardens were influenced by a combination of medieval traditions, Renaissance aesthetics, architectural developments, global exploration, and symbolic meanings.
Renaissance gardens : Role and Purpose
Renaissance was characterized by a revival of interest in classical art, literature, and philosophy, and this cultural movement also influenced the design and function of gardens.
Renaissance gardens : Historical period
The Renaissance period in Europe was the 14th to 17th century
Renaissance gardens : Key characteristics in terms of design, features and planting
Renaissance gardens were meticulously planned to achieve aesthetic beauty. They incorporated geometric layouts, axial symmetry, and careful consideration of proportions. The goal was to create visually stunning landscapes that were harmonious and pleasing to the senses.
Describe the development of the Renaissance garden style over time and around Europe ( Italian, French, Dutch Renaissance; Baroque)
Italian –
Terraces/Fountains Symmetry and geometric design
French –
Influenced by Italy – so symmetry and geometric.
Parterres de broderie: Elaborate patterns created with low hedges and coloured gravel, forming intricate designs visible from above.
Dutch – Enclose emphasising intimacy and privacy. Water features. Serious messages convey moral or political messages, with features representing virtues or ideas.
Baroque - Grandiosity and theatricality: Baroque gardens embraced a more extravagant and theatrical style, featuring large, sweeping designs.
Named examples of Renaissance style gardens ( Italian, French, Dutch Renaissance; Baroque)
Italy – Tivoli Villa d’Este
French - Château de Chambord
Dutch - Het Loo Palace Gardens
Baroque – Palace of Versaille
Influences on the development of Renaissance-style gardens :
‘Spirit of the Age’
A renewed look at the arts and the classics. A more secular approach. An interest in mathematics and proportion.
Influences on the development of Renaissance-style gardens : Politics, society, and common values
Humanism was being explored which sort to explain everything via Science rather than religion.
Influences on the development of Renaissance-style gardens :
The assimilation of gardening styles from different cultures
Roman – lines and asymmetry
Islamic – water features
What are the evolving concepts of the Renaissance garden
Renaissance gardens were meticulously planned to achieve aesthetic beauty. They incorporated geometric layouts, axial symmetry, and careful consideration of proportions. The goal was to create visually stunning landscapes that were harmonious and pleasing to the senses.
Influences on the development of Renaissance-style gardens :
Religion/belief and philosophy
A move away from slavish following of religion.
Humanism was being explored which sort to explain everything via Science rather than religion.
Influences on the development of Renaissance-style gardens :
Art and architectural style.
Each element, such as plants, sculptures, and water features, carried symbolic meanings related to classical mythology, philosophy, or religious themes.
Gardens became a canvas for expressing ideas and ideals.
English Landscape gardens: Role and purpose
A move from formal and structured design to a more naturalist and emotionally evocative view.
English Landscape gardens: Historical period
The 18th Century
What was the development of the English Landscape Garden through time
The transition from the formality of Tudor and then back again into the Victorian times.
What are the key characteristics in terms of design, features and planting for an English Landscaped garden
Naturalistic and picturesque landscapes
A peaceful retreat and a place for contemplation. The intention was to create an environment where individuals could escape the stresses of urban life and immerse themselves in the tranquility of nature.
A celebration of nature – meandering paths and lakes
Transition and surprise. – Follies temples and vistas
Integration of nature and architecture
Two named example of the English Landscaped Garden
Stowe
Painshill Park
Key designers of the English Landscape gardeners
William Kent, Capability Brown, Humphrey Repton.
What are influences on the development of the English Landscape garden style - ‘Spirit of the Age’
The Age of Enlightenment – a focus on reason, science, individualism, and scepticism of traditional authority. Therefore a move away from structure and formality.
Romanticism in nature and emotion. Therefore is design picturesque landscapes that mimicked untamed beauty of nature
How was the English Garden Landscape style influenced by Politics, society, and common values
More urbanisation so a reaction to increase the amount of open space.
Expressions of power wealth and social standing
Identification of national pride at the beauty of the English countryside
How was the English Garden Landscape style influenced by exploration and trade
Exotic plants were brought back from travel
Ideas and designs from other cultures including China and Japan
Trade improved overall wealth and resources available to do the work
How was the English Garden Landscape style influenced by Colonialisation and the development of empire
English gardens became a reflection of the imperial power and control exerted by the British Empire. Large, meticulously designed landscapes were seen as symbols of wealth, dominance, and the ability to shape and control nature—a concept aligned with imperial ambitions.
The establishment of botanical gardens in various colonies served as hubs for collecting and cultivating exotic plant species. These gardens not only contributed to scientific knowledge but also became sources for importing rare and interesting plants back to England, influencing the composition of English gardens.
How did the English Garden Landscape style assimilate gardening styles from different cultures
Mediterranean – terracotta pots, citrus fruits and lavender
Japanese and Chinese
What are the evolving concepts of the garden in the English Garden Landscape style
Naturalistic
Picturesque
Rural and Rustic
Contrast and variety - contrast in form, texture, and color was sought after, creating visually interesting compositions.
Informality and Freedom
Transition and Surprise
Botanic Collections
Increased use of water features
How did Religion/belief and philosophy impact English Garden Landscape style
With more exploration happening there was an increased scientific approach to gardening, with an emphasis on understanding and showcasing the diversity of the natural world.
How did Art and architectural style influence the English Landscape Garden Style.
Landscape painting during this period had a significant impact on garden design.
Victorian gardens, what are their Role and purpose
Reflected wealth and social order.
Lavish gardens are seen as a sign of success. The public to have their own separate spaces
A period of scientific inquiry and horticultural advancement
Idealised view of nature – very much controlled
Victorian Gardens : what are their Historical period
1837 to 1901
Key characteristics in terms of design, features and planting of a Victorian garden
Formal layouts with symmetrical and geometric designs. Pathways, flower beds, and lawns were meticulously arranged to create a sense of order and balance.
Carpet bedding. This involved planting colourful annuals in intricate patterns and designs, creating visually striking displays when viewed from above. New technology made industrial availability of bedding plants possible.
Glasshouses, conservatories, and orangeries. These structures allowed for the cultivation of exotic plants and provided spaces for socializing. Palms, ferns, and tropical plants were showcased in these glass structures.
Named examples of Victorian Gardens
Kew gardens - Brentford
Osborne House – Isles of Wight
Key Victorian Garden designers and their work
Joseph Paxton – Chatsworth House and Crystal Palace
Influences on the development of Victorian Garden style : ‘Spirit of the Age’
Industrialisation and Urbanisation
Romantic idealism/ Moral sensibility and order
Rising middle class
Gardens reflected the global reach of the empire through the incorporation of exotic plants, architectural styles inspired by colonies, and a fascination with Eastern and tropical influences
Influences on the development of Victorian Garden style : Politics, society, and common values
The Victorian era was marked by a sense of national pride and imperial expansion.
Gardens and landscapes were often designed to reflect the grandeur and power of the British Empire.
Victorian society was characterized by a rigid class structure.
Gardens became a means of displaying wealth and social status. Elaborate and extensive gardens were often associated with the upper class, while smaller, more practical gardens were common among the middle and lower classes.
Influences on the development of Victorian Garden style : Exploration and trade
Largest availability of plants and materials
Influences on the development of Victorian Garden style : Colonialisation and the development of empire
The Victorian era was marked by a sense of national pride and imperial expansion. Gardens and landscapes were often designed to reflect the grandeur and power of the British Empire.
Influences on the development of Victorian Garden style :
The assimilation of gardening styles from different cultures
Oriental and Asian
Partares
Italian (not French who we had been at war with)
Influences on the development of Victorian Garden style :
Evolving concepts of the garden
Initially very much influenced by the Renaissance.
Botanical programmes.
Later Rock Gardens and Glass houses as the technology improved.
Influences on the development of Victorian Garden style :Religion/belief and philosophy
Many Victorian gardens were influenced by biblical and symbolic references.
Garden designs often featured elements with religious significance, such as the Tree of Life, biblical plants, and symbolic motifs representing virtues or moral lessons.
Influences on the development of Victorian Garden style
Art and architectural style
Lavish and strong.
Plenty of stone work and water features.
Arts and Crafts gardens: Role and purpose
A return to craftsmanship, a connection with nature, and a rejection of overly ornate and artificial styles.
Gardens influenced by the Arts and Crafts movement often featured a more natural and informal approach to planting.
Arts and Crafts gardens: Historic period
Towards the end of the Victorian period and through the early 20th Century.
Arts and Crafts gardens: Key characteristics in terms of design, features and planting
The design often incorporated natural elements like local plants, rocks, and water features to create a harmonious environment.
informal and relaxed layout, moving away from the formal geometric designs of earlier periods.
Garden structures and features were often made with handcrafted materials, showcasing the craftsmanship of artisans.
Native and cottage garden plants were favoured, emphasizing a more naturalistic and sustainable approach to gardening
Plants were often arranged in mixed borders, creating a tapestry of colours, textures, and heights.
Arts and Crafts gardens: Named examples
Hidcote Manor Garden
Sissinghurst
Great Dixter
Arts and Crafts gardens: Key Designers
Gertude Jekyll
Edward Lutyens
Influences on the development of Arts and Crafts garden style : Spirit of The Age
End of the straight-laced Victorians.
A rejection of industrialization,
A renewed appreciation for nature and a desire to create environments that harmonized with the natural landscape instead of controlling.
Influences on the development of Arts and Crafts garden style Politics, society, and common values
Politics = socialism – great spread of resources
Spaces should contribute to the overall well-being of the whole of society
The movement resonated with a broader cultural shift towards individual expression and personalization.
Arts and Crafts gardens allowed homeowners to actively participate in the design and cultivation of their outdoor spaces, reflecting their unique tastes and values.
Influences on the development of Arts and Crafts garden style : Exploration and trade
Minimal – expected to use home grown skills and craftmanship
Influences on the development of Arts and Crafts garden style :
Colonialisation and the development of empire
The movement’s emphasis on craftsmanship, simplicity, and a connection with nature found expression in colonial bungalows, garden layouts, and landscaping in some regions.
Influences on the development of Arts and Crafts garden style : The assimilation of gardening styles from different cultures
Arts and Crafts reflected an interest in the assimilation of gardening styles from around the world.
Japanese lanterns, bridges, and the use of water features
The principles of balance, harmony, and simplicity inherent in
Japanese gardening were assimilated
The use of colourful tiles, wrought ironwork, and architectural features reminiscent of Southern European and North African styles.
Influences on the development of Arts and Crafts garden style : Evolving concepts of the garden
Started a reaction to the formality of Victorian approaches
Move to simplistic ideas of gardening – naturalistic-looking
Craftsmanship and then moving towards furniture
Influences on the development of Arts and Crafts garden style :
Religion/belief and philosophy
The movement resonated with a broader cultural shift towards individual expression and personalization. Arts and Crafts gardens allowed homeowners to actively participate in the design and cultivation of their outdoor spaces, reflecting their unique tastes and values
Influences on the development of Arts and Crafts garden style : Art and architectural style.
Simple and honest designs
The Use of natural materials
Individualism and customisation
Social reform
Modernist Gardens : Role and purpose
Modernist gardens prioritize simplicity and minimalism in design. Uncluttered spaces, clean lines, and a reduction of unnecessary ornamentation characterize these gardens. The emphasis is on creating a sense of order and clarity.
Modernist Gardens : Historical period
20th Century
Modernist Garden : Key characteristics in terms of design, features and planting
Simplicity and minimalism
Areas are specific about how they are going to be used
Modern materials
Named examples of Modernist Garden
The Miller Garden - Washington
Key designers of Modernist Gardens and their work
Dan Kiley (1912-2004 – Miller Garden
Influence on the development of the Modernist Garden : Spirit of the Age
A reaction to the formality of the Victorian age
A modern scientific approach to the world.
Influence on the development of the Modernist Garden :
Politics, society, and common values
Forward looking and positive
Clean and modern technology is superior to natural products that man can enhance.
Influence on the development of the Modernist Garden :
Exploration and trade
Not applicable
Influence on the development of the Modernist Garden : Colonialisation and the development of empire
Not applicable
Influence on the development of the Modernist Garden : The assimilation of gardening styles from different cultures
Greater Globalization and Travel
Indigenous Cultures and Regionalism
Influence on the development of the Modernist Garden : Evolving concepts of the garden
More experimental – especially using new materials
Extension of the garden as another room to the house
Influence on the development of the Modernist Garden : Religious beliefs and philosophies
More secular
The tranquillity of Eastern philosophies and Zen Buddhism – appear
Environmentalism not a religion but a philosophy
Influence on the development of the Modernist Garden : Art and Artistic styles
Minimalist
Using of modern technology
Straight lines
Geometrical
Functional
The new perennialist movement : Role and Purpose
This styles depart from traditional formal gardens and instead focuses on creating landscapes that are not only aesthetically pleasing but also environmentally conscious and sustainable.
The new perennialist movement : Historical period
21st Century
The new perennialist movement Key characteristics in terms of design, features and planting
Naturalistic – informal, mimicking nature
Perennial’s and all year interest
Low maintenance to emphasise sustainability
Native plants
Wildlife friendly
The new perennialist movement : Named examples of this style of garden
The High Line in New York City
The new perennialist movement : Key designers
Piet Oudolf
Influences on the development of new perennialist movement : Spirit of the Age
Reflects the need for sustainability and greater bio diversity in our gardens
Influences on the development of new perennialist movement : Politics, Society and Common values
Reflects the need for sustainability and greater bio diversity in our gardens
Influences on the development of new perennialist movement :
Exploration and trade
Less need for travel - more native
Influences on the development of new perennialist movement : * Colonialisation and the development of empire
Not applicable
Influences on the development of new perennialist movement : The assimilation of gardening styles from different cultures
Japanese – Zen aesthetics
Drought tolerant plants from the Med
Piet’s Dutch drifts
Chinese ideas of Balance and Harmony
Influences on the development of new perennialist movement
Evolving concepts of the garden
Climate Change
Use of urban spaces
Community engagement
Post Covid
Influences on the development of new perennialist movement : * Religion/belief and philosophy
Not applicable
Influences on the development of new perennialist movement : Art and architectural style.
Arts and Craft movement – a need for authentic
Modernism and minimalism – straight lines and clean form
Zen gardens – using a calming environment
Land Art – using natural materials and large scale interventions.
