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Drug Action IV > Top 4 Cancers (Patho) - Block 4 > Flashcards

Top 4 Cancers (Patho) - Block 4 Flashcards

1
Q

RF of breast cancer?

A
  1. Age
  2. Gender
  3. Family hx
  4. BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutation
  5. Menarche before age 12
  6. Menopause after age 55
  7. Previous `breast issues
  8. Obesity
  9. Smoking
  10. Alcohol abuse
  11. Radiation
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2
Q

What are the classifications of breast cancer?

A

HR:
* Estrogen receptor postive
* Progesterone receptor positive

HER2

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3
Q

What are the subtypes of breast cancer?

A

HR+/HER2-
HR-/HER2-
HR+/HER2+
HR-/HER+

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4
Q

What is the tumor suppressor gene for breast cancer?

A

BRCA1 and 2 are normally expressed in the cells of breast and other tissue -> inherited mutation in on or both of these genes

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5
Q

What is the difference between BRCA1 and 2?

A

1: increase the risk of breast, ovarian, pancreatic, cervical, uterine, and colon cancer
2: increase the risk of breast, ovarian, pancreatic, gallbadder, bile duct, and melanoma cancers

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6
Q

Are BRCA mutations exclusive to females?

A

No, men can also be affected

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7
Q

Outcomes of HER2 overexpression?

A

Cells grow too quickly

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8
Q

What is the most common breast malignancy of women in the US?

A

Carcinoma

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9
Q

What are the histologic types of breast cancer?

A
  1. Insitu ductal or lobular carcinoma
  2. Infltrating ductal or lobular carcinoma
  3. Inflammatory carcinoma
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10
Q

What occurs during to early stages of breast cancer?

A
  1. Asymptomatic
  2. Changes in size or shape of breast
  3. Skin changes
  4. Inverted nipple
  5. Red, scaly, rash
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11
Q

What are concerning sx of breast cancer?

A
  1. Blood tinged discarge
  2. Red scaly nipples
  3. Ulceration
  4. Mass (hard, fixed, nonmobile on palpation)
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12
Q

What is the leading cause of cancer death in males and females? Primary RF of developmen?

A

Lung cancer; cigarette smoking

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13
Q

What is the survival rate of lung cancer?

A

5 years

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14
Q

RF of lun cancer?

A
  1. Smoking
  2. Secondhand smoking
  3. Occupational exposure
  4. Genetic susceptibility
  5. Benign chronic lung conditions
  6. Viral infection
  7. Gender
  8. Dietary factors
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15
Q

Virus that can cause lung cancer?

A

HPV

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16
Q

How can dietary facotors cause lung cancer?

A

Low serum levels of antioxidants (Vitamin A and E)

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17
Q

Are males or females more susceptible to developing lung cancer?

A

Women

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18
Q

What is the primary cause of lung cancer?

A

Cigrette smoking: linear relationship between intesity of smoking and progressive epithelial changes

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19
Q

What are the types of lung cancer?

A

Small cell
Non-small cell
* Adenocarcinoma
* Squamous cell carcinoma
* Large cell carcinoma

20
Q

What are the characteristics of SCLC?

A

Oat cell cancer:
* Aggressive, rapid growth and metastasis
* Develops in regional lymph nodes
* Linear relationship with smoking

21
Q

Complication associated with SCLC?

A

Superior vena cava syndrome: enlarging cancer in mediastinal lymph nodes can gradually impede blood return to te superor vena cava

22
Q

How are adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma classified?

A

Well-differentiated: dividing cancer cells retain more of the normal features bu is unregulated and fast
Poorly differntiated: cells retain enough histologic characteristics to be identified as adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma but have fewer normal cell features

23
Q

What is the most common form of NSCLC?

A

Adenocarcinoma:
* gladular epithelial cancers
* bronchioloalveolar cancers: grow along preexisting alveolar walls without metastasizing or destroying alveolar structure

24
Q

What are the characteristics of squamous cell carcinoma?

A

Exclusively occurs in cigarette smokers:
* Epidermoid carcinomas: orginates in bronchial epitheial mucosa and move along the bronchial wall
* Majority originate medially in chest at points of bronchial bifurcation
* Slow growth and metastasis
* Obstructs bronchi due to central location

25
Q

What are the characteristics of large cell carcinoma?

A
  1. Undifferntiated tumors
  2. Least common NSCLC
  3. Poorly differntiated epithelial cell cancer
  4. Metastisis is easy and wide
26
Q

Breast cancer stages are characterized by?

A
  1. Size of tumor
  2. Number of nodes involved
  3. Metastasis to other parts of the body
27
Q

Descrube the staging of lung cancer?

A
28
Q

What are the clinical presentations of lung cancer?

A
  1. Persistant cough
  2. Hemoptysis (blood in sputum)
  3. Obstructive pneumonia with atelectasis
  4. Dyspnea
  5. Chest pain
  6. Hoarseness
  7. Paraneoplastic syndrome
29
Q

What is paraneoplastic syndrome?

A

Sx within normal tissue that occur somewhere distant from the tumor (ectopic)

30
Q

Who should get an annual digital rectal exam (DRE)?

A
  1. Beginning at age 50 for most men
  2. Beginning at age 45 for AA or men with first-degree relatives with prostate cancer
  3. Beginning at age 40 for men with more than one first-degree relative with prostate cancer.
31
Q

What are the causes of increased PSA other than cancer?

A
  1. UTI
  2. Prostate stimulation
  3. Vigourous exercise
  4. Certain medications
32
Q

What are the zones of the prostate? Which is the most susceptible to cancer?

A
  1. Central
  2. Transition
    3. Peripheral
33
Q

What is the classification system used to distinguish well diffentiated cells from poorly diffentiated?

A

Gleason’s Pattern

34
Q

What are the localized sx of prostate cancer?

A
  1. Frequnet urination
  2. Weak urine flow
  3. Blood in urineand semen
  4. ED
  5. Dysuria
  6. Discomfort when sitting
35
Q

Systemic sx of prostate cancer?

A

Pain in bones
Edema in legs
Weight loss
Fatigue
Changes in bowel habits

36
Q

What is the difference between colon and rectal cancer?

A

Colon: malignant growth and division of abnormal cells in the ascending, trasverse, or decending colon
Rectal: malignant growth or tumor occurring up to 15 cm from the anal opening

37
Q

What are adenomas of the colon?

A

Benign polyps formed from gladular structures in the intestinal mucosal epithelium

38
Q

What are the types of colon polyps?

A

Rased adenoma: flat or sessile
Pedunculated adenoma: have a stalk

39
Q

What are the pathways that develop conventional adenomas and sessile serrated polyps? What are the drivers of both?

A
  1. Chromosomal instability pathway
  2. Microsatellite instabiltiy pathways

Mutated tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes

40
Q

What are the stages of colon/rectal cancer?

A
41
Q

What are the RF of colon/recal cancer?

A
  1. Large polyps
  2. Old
  3. Smoking
  4. Family hx of cancer
  5. Nonuse of NSAIDs
42
Q

Clinical presentations of early CRC?

A
  1. Hematochezia
  2. Change in bowel habits
  3. Faitgue
  4. Weight loss
  5. Generalized or localized ab pain
  6. Sx of anemia
43
Q

What are the characteristics of right side cancer?

A

Ascending colon:
1. Silent
2. Pain with mass in RLQ
3. Tumors stay to one side of colon wall
4. No obstruction
5. Blood in stool is dark red

44
Q

What are the characteristics of left side cancer?

A

Descending colon:
1. Grow circumferentially around the colon
2. Intestinal obstruction
3. Stools are pencil like and bloodis bright red

45
Q

What do physicians look for in a physical exam that can suggest CRC?

A
  1. Distended abdomen
  2. Enlarged lymph nodes
  3. Palpable ab mass
  4. Mass may be palpable with digital exam (rectal)

Drug Action IV (28 decks)

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