1. Age 2. Gender 3. Family hx 4. BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutation 5. Menarche before age 12 6. Menopause after age 55 7. Previous `breast issues 8. Obesity 9. Smoking 10. Alcohol abuse 11. Radiation

1. Smoking 2. Secondhand smoking 3. Occupational exposure 4. Genetic susceptibility 5. Benign chronic lung conditions 6. Viral infection 7. Gender 8. Dietary factors

Top 4 Cancers (Patho) - Block 4 Flashcards by Hannah Lapos

RF of breast cancer?

Age
Gender
Family hx
BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutation
Menarche before age 12
Menopause after age 55
Previous `breast issues
Obesity
Smoking
Alcohol abuse
Radiation

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What are the classifications of breast cancer?

HR:
* Estrogen receptor postive
* Progesterone receptor positive

HER2

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What are the subtypes of breast cancer?

HR+/HER2-
HR-/HER2-
HR+/HER2+
HR-/HER+

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What is the tumor suppressor gene for breast cancer?

BRCA1 and 2 are normally expressed in the cells of breast and other tissue -> inherited mutation in on or both of these genes

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What is the difference between BRCA1 and 2?

1: increase the risk of breast, ovarian, pancreatic, cervical, uterine, and colon cancer
2: increase the risk of breast, ovarian, pancreatic, gallbadder, bile duct, and melanoma cancers

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Are BRCA mutations exclusive to females?

No, men can also be affected

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Outcomes of HER2 overexpression?

Cells grow too quickly

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What is the most common breast malignancy of women in the US?

Carcinoma

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What are the histologic types of breast cancer?

Insitu ductal or lobular carcinoma
Infltrating ductal or lobular carcinoma
Inflammatory carcinoma

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What occurs during to early stages of breast cancer?

Asymptomatic
Changes in size or shape of breast
Skin changes
Inverted nipple
Red, scaly, rash

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What are concerning sx of breast cancer?

Blood tinged discarge
Red scaly nipples
Ulceration
Mass (hard, fixed, nonmobile on palpation)

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What is the leading cause of cancer death in males and females? Primary RF of developmen?

Lung cancer; cigarette smoking

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What is the survival rate of lung cancer?

5 years

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RF of lun cancer?

Smoking
Secondhand smoking
Occupational exposure
Genetic susceptibility
Benign chronic lung conditions
Viral infection
Gender
Dietary factors

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Virus that can cause lung cancer?

HPV

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How can dietary facotors cause lung cancer?

Low serum levels of antioxidants (Vitamin A and E)

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Are males or females more susceptible to developing lung cancer?

Women

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What is the primary cause of lung cancer?

Cigrette smoking: linear relationship between intesity of smoking and progressive epithelial changes

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What are the types of lung cancer?

Small cell
Non-small cell
* Adenocarcinoma
* Squamous cell carcinoma
* Large cell carcinoma

What are the characteristics of SCLC?

Oat cell cancer:
* Aggressive, rapid growth and metastasis
* Develops in regional lymph nodes
* Linear relationship with smoking

Complication associated with SCLC?

Superior vena cava syndrome: enlarging cancer in mediastinal lymph nodes can gradually impede blood return to te superor vena cava

How are adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma classified?

Well-differentiated: dividing cancer cells retain more of the normal features bu is unregulated and fast
Poorly differntiated: cells retain enough histologic characteristics to be identified as adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma but have fewer normal cell features

What is the most common form of NSCLC?

Adenocarcinoma:
* gladular epithelial cancers
* bronchioloalveolar cancers: grow along preexisting alveolar walls without metastasizing or destroying alveolar structure

What are the characteristics of squamous cell carcinoma?

Exclusively occurs in cigarette smokers:
* Epidermoid carcinomas: orginates in bronchial epitheial mucosa and move along the bronchial wall
* Majority originate medially in chest at points of bronchial bifurcation
* Slow growth and metastasis
* Obstructs bronchi due to central location

What are the characteristics of large cell carcinoma?

1. Undifferntiated tumors 2. Least common NSCLC 3. Poorly differntiated epithelial cell cancer 4. Metastisis is easy and wide

Breast cancer stages are characterized by?

1. Size of tumor 2. Number of nodes involved 3. Metastasis to other parts of the body

Descrube the staging of lung cancer?

What are the clinical presentations of lung cancer?

1. Persistant cough 2. Hemoptysis (blood in sputum) 3. Obstructive pneumonia with atelectasis 4. Dyspnea 5. Chest pain 6. Hoarseness 7. Paraneoplastic syndrome

What is paraneoplastic syndrome?

Sx within normal tissue that occur somewhere distant from the tumor (ectopic)

Who should get an annual digital rectal exam (DRE)?

1. Beginning at age 50 for most men 2. Beginning at age 45 for AA or men with first-degree relatives with prostate cancer 3. Beginning at age 40 for men with more than one first-degree relative with prostate cancer.

What are the causes of increased PSA other than cancer?

1. UTI 2. Prostate stimulation 3. Vigourous exercise 4. Certain medications

What are the zones of the prostate? Which is the most susceptible to cancer?

1. Central 2. Transition **3. Peripheral**

What is the classification system used to distinguish well diffentiated cells from poorly diffentiated?

Gleason's Pattern

What are the localized sx of prostate cancer?

1. Frequnet urination 2. Weak urine flow 3. Blood in urineand semen 4. ED 5. Dysuria 6. Discomfort when sitting

Systemic sx of prostate cancer?

Pain in bones Edema in legs Weight loss Fatigue Changes in bowel habits

What is the difference between colon and rectal cancer?

**Colon:** malignant growth and division of abnormal cells in the ascending, trasverse, or decending colon **Rectal:** malignant growth or tumor occurring up to 15 cm from the anal opening

What are adenomas of the colon?

Benign polyps formed from gladular structures in the intestinal mucosal epithelium

What are the types of colon polyps?

**Rased adenoma:** flat or sessile **Pedunculated adenoma:** have a stalk

What are the pathways that develop conventional adenomas and sessile serrated polyps? What are the drivers of both?

1. Chromosomal instability pathway 2. Microsatellite instabiltiy pathways Mutated tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes

What are the stages of colon/rectal cancer?

What are the RF of colon/recal cancer?

1. Large polyps 2. Old 3. Smoking 4. Family hx of cancer 5. Nonuse of NSAIDs

Clinical presentations of early CRC?

1. Hematochezia 2. Change in bowel habits 3. Faitgue 4. Weight loss 5. Generalized or localized ab pain 6. Sx of anemia

What are the characteristics of right side cancer?

Ascending colon: 1. Silent 2. Pain with mass in RLQ 3. Tumors stay to one side of colon wall 4. No obstruction 5. Blood in stool is dark red

What are the characteristics of left side cancer?

Descending colon: 1. Grow circumferentially around the colon 2. Intestinal obstruction 3. Stools are pencil like and bloodis bright red

What do physicians look for in a physical exam that can suggest CRC?

1. Distended abdomen 2. Enlarged lymph nodes 3. Palpable ab mass 4. Mass may be palpable with digital exam (rectal)