Intro to Med Micro (Pathophys) - Block 1 Flashcards

Question

What is the outcome of sporulation?

Answer 1

Release of spores when nutrients deplete due to environmental stress

Answer 2

Malachite green

Answer 3

Viscous and sticky polysaccharide and polypeptide that encases bacterium

Answer 4

**Capsule:** neat, firmly attached to cell wall **Slime layer:** covers surface like a film and loosely attached to cell wal

Answer 5

1. Protects cell from drying out 2. Provides adherence of bacteria to human tissue 3. Prevents phagocytosis (virulence)

Answer 6

Adaptive humoral response

Answer 7

Silver stain

Answer 8

Whiplike structures and provide movement to the bacterium

Answer 9

E. coli, H. pylori

Answer 10

Hairlike filaments extending from the cell surface that contributes to virleuce

Answer 11

1. Mediates the attachemnt of bacteria to host 2. Has specificity for certain hosts

Answer 12

1. Provides contact between bacteria 2. Allows for the transfer of DNA (toxin genes, abx reistance genes)

Answer 13

Antigenic variation

Answer 14

Infectious agents in humans

Answer 15

Binary fission (vertical genetransfer)

Answer 16

Increase in cell number

Answer 17

Cell division following enlargemtn of a cell to twice its minimum size

Answer 18

Time required for microbial cells to double in number

Answer 19

Exponential (logarithmic) growth: growth of a microbial population in which cell numbers double within a specific time interval

Answer 20

**Lag phase:** interval between inoculation and with growth begins where bacteria undergoes vigorous metabolic activity without division **Log phase:** exponential growth where cells undergo rapid cell division **Stationary phase:** No net increase or decrease in cell number, growth rate stops, spores form **Death:** decline in the number of viable cells due to a buildup of waste

Answer 21

Electron acceptor

Answer 22

Superoxide dioxide, catalase | Respnse to O2 is an important criteria for classifying bacteria

Answer 23

Obligate areobes

Answer 24

Facultative anaerobe

Answer 25

Aerotolerant anaerobes

Answer 26

Obligate anaerobe

Answer 27

Microaerophiles

Answer 28

Catalase and oxdase

Answer 29

**Catalase** is an enzyme that degrades H2O2 into water and O2 -> producing bubbles when exposed to hydorgen peroxide USed to distinguish G(+) organisms: C(+): Staph C(-): Strep and Entero

Answer 30

Obligawte and aerotolerant anaerobes

Answer 31

Cytochrome c oxidase is a part of nitrate metabolism -> an indicator aerobic respiration * Produced by non-enteric G(-)

Answer 32

methyl blue

Answer 33

BReak down of sugar -> pyruvate -> lactic acid + ATP in the absence of O2

Answer 34

MacConkey agar contains pH sensitive dyes that change color in the presence of acid

Answer 35

G(-): supported to grow G(-): inhibited to grow (fecal coliforms - faculitative agar) due to bile salts

Answer 36

Lactose fermenters turn to red or pink as pH becomes more cidic

Answer 37

**Selective:** contains ingredients that inhibits gorwth of specifc organisms **Differential:** Provides visualization and diffent bacterial colonies

Answer 38

1. SIngle circular DNA 2. Haploid 3. No introns for mRNA 4. 1 gene specifies more than 1 protein 5. If a gene is mutated then it is not expressed or the protein is nonfunctional

Answer 39

Dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS), Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) | Enzymes are targeted by antifolate ABX

Answer 40

1. Bidirectional replication forks form a theta structure 2. DNA is unwound by helicase whil polymerases replicate DNA on leading and lagging strands 3. DNA ligase seals DNA 4. Topisomerases regulate supercoils 5. DNA separates into 2 daughter cell

Answer 41

DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II) introduces negative supercoils -> Circular DNA is twisted, then a break occurs where the 2 chains come together and then the broken DNA helix is resealed on the opposite side if the intact strand

Answer 42

1. Transcription is the conversion of DNA to mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA 2. Carried out by a single bacterial RNA polymerase

Answer 43

1. Production of bacterial ribosomes (30S and 50S) 2. Initiation, elongation, and termination 3. The initiation tRNA is different between eukaryotes (Met) and prokaryotes (fMet = N-formyl-methionine)

Answer 44

Transfer of geneic info from 1 cell to another post-maturation 1. Conjugation 2. Transduction 3. Transformation

Answer 45

Mating using pilus to transfer plasmids and transposons unidirectionally

Answer 46

Transfer of DNA by bacteriophage

Answer 47

Naked DNA is taken up by another bacteria * A Bacteria that is able todo so is considered **competent**

Answer 48

1. Folate synthesis 2. DNA replication (e.g. DNA gyrase) 3. DNA transcription 4. DNA translation

Answer 49

Extrachromosomal double stranded circular DNA capable of replicated independently of the bacterial chromosome -> can be integrated into bacterial chromosome or remain in cytoplasm

Answer 50

Allows for formation of the pilli to transfer DNA (via. conjugation)

Answer 51

Contain genetic info to allow bacteria to become more resistant to antiseptics and disinfectants

Answer 52

Carry genes that code for resistance to ABX and heavy metals, and genes for pili (F factor) via conjugation

Answer 53

**Jumping genes:** pieces of DNA that can readily move from one site to another (DNA of plasmids, bacteria, and bacteriophages) * Code for resistance * Cause mutations

Answer 54

1. Inverted repeat on each short DNA sequence 2. Gene for transposase 3. Repressor gene 4. Enzyme mediating antibiotic resistance

Answer 55

1. Non-sensitive and non-persister cells will die 2. Resistant cells will survive and daughter cells will also be resistant (via, HGT) 3. Persistent cells will survive while dormant but new cells will be sensitive to ABX * Persister cells that aren't actively growing or dividing

Answer 56

1. Modification of drug targets: DNA gyrase, beta-lactamase, penicillin binding proteins 2. Reduction of drug uptake: porin permeability 3. Activation or overexpression of efflux mechanisms: specifc and brad spec efflux pumps 4. Alterations of metabolic pathways: alt. in methylation in ribosomes

Answer 57

Provides mutualistic benefits to host, however, can become opportunisitc

Answer 58

Cn cause dx in healthy hosts and does normally reside in a host

Answer 59

When commensal microbes become pathogenic in a host -> only when microbe moves to another site in the body

Answer 60

Traits that enhance pathogenicity and allow bacteria to establish and replicate in host

Answer 61

1. Portals of entry to get into the host 2. Penetration or envasion of host defense 3. Damage the host increasing the spread of infection 4. Portals of exit to infect another host

Answer 62

1. Skin/mucous membranes through ingestion, sex, inhalation (via respiratory, GI, GU) 2. Parenteral through trauma, needles, bites (skin)

Answer 63

1. Lipoteichoic acid 2. M protein 3. Fimbriae 4. Flagella

Answer 64

Proteins secreted by bacteria that binds to host's EC matrix

Answer 65

Complements

Answer 66

Infectious dose: number of organisms needed to cause infection in half the hosts

Answer 67

Number of organisms needed to kill half the hosts

Answer 68

**More:** low ID50 and LD50 **Less:** high ID50 and LD50

Answer 69

Phagocytosis; capsules, cell wall, mycolic acid

Answer 70

1. Increase adherence to host cells 2. Help pathogen become resistant to heat and acidic environments 3. Help block phagocytosis 4. Strep pyogenes use M protein for cell wall

Answer 71

Waxy lipid that protects against digestion in phagolysosome by allowing bacteris to expand inside phagocyte

Answer 72

Membrane disrupting enzymes: 1. Leukocidins: kill WBC 2. Hemolysins: damage read and white blood cells 3. Hyaluronidase/collagenase 4. Coagulase

Answer 73

**ALpha:** produce incomplete lysis and have a green pigment surrounding colony **Beta:** produce total hemolysis and breakdown Hb creating a clear area around the colony **Gamma:** produce no hemolysis

Answer 74

Hyaluronidase and collagenase

Answer 75

Causes fibrin clots in the host preventing the spread of the pathogen | Fibrinogen -> fibrin -> clotted plasma

Answer 76

Staph aureus

Answer 77

1. Diffentiate S. aureus from negative Staph species 2. Clumping indicates coagulase of human plasma

Answer 78

Used to ID species of Proteus, Corynebacterium, E.coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, and Helicobacter pylori that produce ammonia when basic pH changes from yellow to pink

Answer 79

Enzyme produced by bacteria in acidic environments to neutral acid producing ammonia and CO2

Answer 80

Urea and phenol red

Answer 81

1. Coagulase 2. Urease

Answer 82

Degrades the anaphylatoxin C5a

Answer 83

Found on G- bacteria can bind complement prevent it from inserting in or binding to the cell membrane

Answer 84

IgA protease

Answer 85

Bacteria alter surface antigens slowing host's ability to make antibodies against bacteria

Answer 86

Bacteria coat their surface with molecules found on host cell such as hyaluronic acid

Answer 87

Promotes entry in the host cell's actin filaments of cytoskeleton

Answer 88

Provides adhesion to host cell without being exposed to the immune system

Answer 89

Proteins in the bacteria that provide info to the cell about its environment

Answer 90

Protein film that coats the surface of a med device * bacteria adheres and accumulates * bacteria secrete polysaccharide that surrounds bacterial aggregate

Answer 91

1. Prevents or impede entry of antimicrobial agents 2. Helps bacteria avoid the host's immune response

Answer 92

1. Host cells are damaged when pathogens metabolize and multiply inside the host cell 2. Localized infection 3. Disruption of host cell function 4. Production of toxins

Answer 93

1. Immune responses leads to damage 1. Inflammation 1. Production of toxins 2. Toxins move through the blood and lymph away from the original site of infection 3. Systemic infections 4. Leads to shock, fever, diarrhea, trauma

Answer 94

Toxins secreted by bacteria

Answer 95

A (active): processes toxic activity usually an enzyme B (binding): binding to the host membrane that dictates the cell type to be infected

Answer 96

Damage to the nervous system by interfering with neurological signal transmission Ex: Clostridium botulinum

Answer 97

Causes intestinal disturbances by affecting the lining of the GIT -> diarrhea, hypersecretion, cramping Ex: Shiga, cholera

Answer 98

Kill or damage host cells by altering the host membrane Ex: Diptheria toxin inhibits protein synthesis

Answer 99

1. Leukocidins 2. Hemolysins 3. Streptolysins

Answer 100

Has complicated nutritional requirements: 1. Require iron but are not hemolytic 2. Must be grown of special chocolate agar that contains lysed RBCs 3. Used to grow Haemophilius influenzae and Neisseria gonorrhoeae and meningitidis

Answer 101

Secreted by bacteria to capture iron from the host: * Small, high affinity iron chelating compounds * Remove iron from iron-binding proteins * Helps with growth and colonization

Answer 102

Bacterial toxin that can override the specificity of T cell action leading to the overstimulation of T cells and the production of cytokines from the host T cells * Cytokine storm, TSS, scralet fever

Answer 103

IL1 and TNF

Answer 104

1. TNF increases vascular permeability -> fluid leakage and hypotension 2. NO production -> hypotension

Answer 105

Endotoxin activates the clotting cascade leads to minor clotting occuring throughout the body -> MOD

Answer 106

**Secretion:** nasal, saliva, sputum, resp drolets, vaginal discharge, semen **Excretion:** urine, feces **Blood/broken skin**

Answer 107

1. Direct 2. Indirect 3. Droplet 4. Vehicle 5. Vector

Answer 108

No intermediary between an infected person and uninfected person Ex: bites, touching

Answer 109

Organism is passed from infected person to another person through a fomite (non-living agent of transmission)

Answer 110

Pathogen is transmitted through respiratory droplets

Answer 111

1. Human 2. Zoonotic (animal) 3. Nonliving

Answer 112

Pathogens transferred from supposedly clean components (can be diret or indirect)

Answer 113

infectious organism that requires another organism (vector) to transmit disease to a healthy person

Answer 114

Arthropods that transfer pathogens mechanical or biological

Answer 115

**Mechanical:** pathogens are transferred passively from contaminated vectors to an object **Bioligcal:** transmission through a bite

Answer 116

**Vertical:** mother to baby via placenta, birth canal, breast milk **Horizontal:** person to person via body fluids and excretion

Answer 117

1. Immunocompromised 2. Vents, cath, cannulas 3. Age 4. Lifestyle 5. Day care 6. Crowds 7. Trauma

Answer 118

1. Pathogen must be present in every case of the disease, but not in healthy individuals. 1. Pathogen must be isolated from the sick host and grown in a pure culture. 1. The pure pathogen must cause the same disease when given to uninfected hosts. 1. Pathogen must be re-isolated from these newly infected hosts and shown to be the same organism as isolated initially.

Answer 119

1. Not always possible to satisfy all postulates 2. Not all microorganisms can be grown in culture 3. Animal models are not available for all organisms

Answer 120

1. Incubation 2. Prodromal 3. Illness 4. Decline 5. Convalescence

Answer 121

Time between initial infection and onset of symptoms * Subjective sx

Answer 122

phase where nonspecific symptoms occur * Fever, malaise, n, loss of appetite

Answer 123

Signs and symptoms specific to disease appear * Signs are objective and measurable

Answer 124

signs and symptoms decrease and pathogen number decrease

Answer 125

Recuperation and recovery from a dx

Answer 126

Acute infection

Answer 127

Chronic infection

Answer 128

Latent infection

Answer 129

Persistant infections

Answer 130

Subclinical infetion

Answer 131

Primary infection

Answer 132

Secondary infection

Answer 133

Localized infection

Answer 134

Systemic infection

Answer 135

Bacteremia

Answer 136

Septicemia