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Drug Action IV > Fungi (Patho) - Block 3 > Flashcards

Fungi (Patho) - Block 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What type of organisms are fungi?

A
  1. Eukaryotic
  2. Heterotrophic
  3. Ubiquitous
  4. Obligate aerobes or facultative anaerobes
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2
Q

What are the morphologic forms of fungi?

A
  1. Yeasts (single cell)
  2. Mold (filamentous, multicellular)
  3. Dimorphic (switch between yeasts and molds)
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3
Q

Describe the components of a fungal cell structure?

A
  1. Membrane bound organelles
  2. Eukaryotic nucleus
  3. DNA
  4. Ribosomes are 80s (40s and 60s)
  5. Vacuole
  6. Enclosed by rigid cell wall
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4
Q
A
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5
Q

What is the function of vacuole?

A

Enclosed compartment containing water, nutrients, and enzymes that helps maintain pH and contain waste

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6
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

Protects cells from osmotic shock, determine cell shape, and contains antigenic components

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7
Q

What are the components of a cell wall?

A
  1. Mannoproteins
  2. Glucans
  3. Chitin
  4. Cell membrane
  5. Ergosterol
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8
Q

What is the function of mannoproteins?

A

GLycosylated mannose allowing it to adhere to host cells

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9
Q

What is glucans?

A

Major component of cell wall: Branched b-(1,3)-glucan and b-(1,6)-glycan synthesized by b-(1,3)-glucan synthase in the cell membrane and exported to cell wall

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10
Q

What is chitin?

A

Long chain polymer of NAG -> produced by chitin synthase in cell membrane

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11
Q

What are the components of a cell membrane?

A
  1. Lipid bilayer that is selectively permeable
  2. Integral proteins
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12
Q

What is the dominant fungal sterol?

A

Ergosterol

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13
Q

How are yeast formed?

A
  1. Reproduce asexual budding or fission
  2. Mother cell elongates and pinches off forming a progeny cell
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14
Q

What is the structure of mold?

A
  1. Tubular (filamentous) multiceulluar
  2. spore formation (sexual or asexual resproduction)
  3. Long filaments (hyphae)
  4. Mycelium: matlike mass of hyphae
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15
Q

What is the difference between septate and non septate hyphae?

A

Septate: divided by cross walls
Non: lack cross walls, hollow

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16
Q

What are the functions of spores?

A
  1. Reproductive structures
  2. Help fungi spread and colonize
  3. Cause infection
  4. Provide resistance
  5. Metabolically dormant
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17
Q

What is a dimorphic fungi?

A

Capable of converting between yeast and mold forms in different temperatures
* Molds at ambient temp
* Yeast at body temp

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18
Q

Most damage due to fungal infection or indirect or direct?

A

Indirect:
1. Activation of macrophages and neutrophils
2. Activation of proinflammatory T helper cells
3. Antibodies are generated against cell wall components

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19
Q

What is the immune response to fungal infections?

A

Macrophages recognize PAMPS on fungal cell wall and secrete cytokines that activate T cells and neutrophils

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20
Q

What is cutaneous mycoses?

A
  1. Confined to epidermis
  2. Involved in keratinized tissue
  3. Dermatophytes
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21
Q

What is subcutaneous mycoses?

A
  1. Infection in the deeper layers of skin
  2. dermis, cornea, muscle, bone, and connective tissue
  3. Acquired from traumatic inoculation
  4. Localized
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22
Q

What is endemic mycoses?

A
  1. Caused by dimorphic fungi
  2. Confined to geographic regions
  3. Blastomyces, Histoplasma, Coccidioides
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23
Q

What are opportunistic mycoses?

A
  1. Caused by commensal fungi or fungi found within the environment
  2. Limited virulence
  3. Target IC patients
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24
Q

Mycoses that is caused by dermatophytes?

A

Cutaneous

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25
How is cutaneuos mycoses transmissed?
Warm, moist environment transferred person to person
26
Presentation of dermatophytoses?
Itching, scaling skin patches that become inflamed and weeping
27
Tinea pedis
Atheletes foot
28
Tinea corporis
Ringworm
29
Tinea capitis
Scalp ringworm
29
Tinea cruris
jock itch
30
Tinea unguium
onychomycosis: nails to thicken, discolor, and become brittle
31
Describe the activity of Candidia?
Yeast that can become disseminated into the blood: 1. Breakdowns in mucosal barriers, biofilm formation 2. Cause infection in heart valves, liver, spleen, bones, kidney 3. Fever, chills, hypotension, altered mental status
32
Opportunistic fungi?
Candidia Cryptococcus neoformans Aspergillus Pneumocystic jirovecii
33
Types of Candida albicans?
1. Vulvovaginal candidiasis (vaginitis) 2. Oral candidiaisis (thrush) 3. Candida albicans develops pseudohyphae to invade tissues (dimorphic)
34
What is the cause of pseudomembranous candidiasis?
Overgrowth and development of pseudohyphae damaging stratified squamous epithelial layer * Desaquamation and keratin protein buildup causing a psuedomembrane and red painful lesions
35
What is the structure of cyrptococcus?
Yeast surrounded by a polysaccharide capsule
36
How is cryptococcus transmitted?
Pigeon dropping and soil associated with eucalyptus: * Inhalation of yeast * Percutaneuos inoculation * Opportunistic
37
What is the differenc between Cryptococcal pneumonia and meningitis?
**Pneu:** mild or asymptomatic contained in LN -> granulomas **Men:** causes HA and photophobia, personality changes, fatal, Aid-defining condition
38
Describe the structure of Aspergillus?
Filamentous mold (septate mycelium with conidia)
39
Transmission of Aspergillus?
Inhalation of airborne spores from conidia and transferred to wounds by contaminated bandages AIDs defining codnition
40
What is Aspergeillosis?
Opportunistic and systemic mycoses -> infection in skin, eyes, ears, sinuses
41
Presentations of allergic aspergillus sinusitis?
Chrnic rhinosinusitus that causes asymmetrical swelling around the orbit and nasal sinuses
42
What pathogen forms a fungal ball in the lungs?
Aspergillus (aspergilloma)
43
Populations that contract chronic pulmonary aspergillosis?
Chronic lung disease
44
What is the pathogen that lacks ergsterol?
Pneumocytis
45
Transmission of pneumocystis?
Portal of entry: respiratory tract Opportunistic mycoses in IC patients (AIDs defining condition) -> PCP
46
How does pneumocystitis cause pneumonia?
Forms cysts in the lungs and ruptures releasing fungi: 1. Attach to alveolar epithelial cells 2. Induce inflammation -> foamy exudate blocking O2 exchange 3. Symmetrical bilateral interstitial infiltrates -> death from respiratory failure
47
What pathogen is known as Cavers?
Histoplasma capsulatum
48
What is the most common systemic mycoses in US?
Histoplasma capsulatum (Caver’s Disease)
49
Describe the strucutre of histoplasma?
Dimorphic fungal pathogen that forms spores
50
Transmission of histoplasma?
Inhalation of spores founds on feces
51
Presntation of histoplasmosis?
Pneumonia: 1. granuloma with calcifications 2. Acute infection 3. Aymptomatic 4. Disseminated liver, spleen, LN, BM (IC patients)
52
Clinical lab tests for histoplasmosis diagnosis?
1. Antigen immunoassays 2. Microscopy of fluids/tissue samples with narrow-based buds
53
Structure of Blastomyces?
Dimorphic pathogen in soil
54
Transmission of blasstomyces?
Inhalation of mold (conidia or hyphal fragments) infecting skin, bone, GU, CNS
55
How does blastomyces evade immune response?
1. Adhere to resp mucosa and trasform to yeast 2. Yeast sheds major surface antigen to avoid detection by macrophages
56
Dx caused by blastomyces?
1. Pulmonary blastomycosis dx 2. Disseminated dx in IC
57
Lab testing for blastomyces?
Culture of biopsy or sputum
58
Systemic pathogens can cause disease in healthy and immune-compromised individuals
Histoplasma Blastomyces Coccidioides
59
Opportunistic pathogens can cause mycoses in immune-compromised individuals
Aspergillus Candida Cryptococcus Pneumocystis
60
What is the structure of coccidiodes?
Dimorphic
61
Transmission of coccidiodes?
Inhalation of mold carried to deep lungs producing endospores
62
How does coccidioides evade immune response?
* Phagocytosed by macrophages but escapes destruction by increasing pH of phagosome (urease) * Produces proteases and collagenases -> breaching of mucosal barriers -> disseminated coccidioidomycosis
63
Lab testing used for coccidioides?
Detection of IgG and IgM antibodies and NAAT assays

Drug Action IV (28 decks)

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