Tongue (72-84)

Question 1

Name the intrinsic muscles of the tongue and their function;

Answer 1

4 muscles- Superior longitudinal, inferior longitudinal, transverse and vertical. All involved in changing shape of tongue (e.g. tongue rolling) which is essential for speaking

Question 2

Name the extrinsic muscles of the tongue and their function;

Answer 2

4 muscles- Palotoglossus (elevation of posterior tongue), styloglossus (elevation & retraction), Hypoglossus (depression), Genioglossus (protusion)

Question 3

What is the motor supply of the tonuge?;

Answer 3

All by the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) except palatoglossus which is innervated by vagus nerve (CN X)

Question 4

What is the sensory supply of the tongue?;

Answer 4

Anterior 2/3rd General sensation- Lingual nerve (Branch of mandibular nerve CN V3). Anterior 2/3rd taste- Chorda tympani (branch of facial nerve CN VII). Posterior 1/3rd general sensation & taste- Glossopharyngeal nerve (CNIX)

Question 5

What types of papillae are on the tongue?;

Answer 5

4 types- Filiform (central), Fungiform (peripheral front), Cicumvallate (V shape at back), Foliate (lateral at back - near tonsils)

Question 6

Name the structures that attach to the styloid process;

Answer 6

3 muscles- styloglossus, stylopharygeus, stylohyoid muscle. 2 ligaments- stylohyoid ligament, stylomandibular liagment

Question 7

Name the structures that attach to the mastoid process;

Answer 7

Sternocleidomastoid. Posterior belly of diagastric

Question 8

What are the actions of the superior and inferior oblique muscles?;

Answer 8

SO - eye down and out. IO - eye up and out

Question 9

Name the nerves that supply the extraocular muscles of the eye;

Answer 9

Occulomotor nerve (CNII)- Superior rectus, medial rectus, inferior rectus and inferior oblique. Troclear (CNIV)- superior oblique. Abducens (CNVI)- lateral rectus

Question 10

What nerves are responsible for accommodation and light reflex;

Answer 10

Occulomotor nerve (CNII)

Question 11

Name three causes of ptosis;

Answer 11

Horner syndrome, Occulomotor nerve palsy, myastenia gravis

Question 12

What are the key features of Horner’s syndrome?;

Answer 12

Partial ptosis (dropping of upper eyelid), Miosis (pupil constricting), andydrosis, normal eye movement

Question 13

What are the key features of occulomotor nerve palsy?;

Answer 13

Full ptosis (eye can’t open at all). No anhydrosis. Down & eye appearance of eye.

Question 14

Where are the nuclei of the occulomotor and trochlear nerves located?;

Answer 14

Midbrain

Question 15

Name two key features in a patient with trochlear nerve palsy;

Answer 15

Unable to look down. Eye extorted (up and out) so patient tilts head. Diplopia worse on down gaze.

Question 16

What structures pass through the internal acoustic meatus?;

Answer 16

(6 structures) 5 nerves-Facial nerve (CN VII), Vestibular nerve, Vestibular ganglion, Cochlear nerve, Nervus intermedius. 1 artery- labyrinthine artery (branch of AICA or basillar),

Question 17

Name the branches of the facial nerve before it exits the stylomastoid foramen;

Answer 17

Greater petrosal nerve, Nerve to stapedius, Chorda Tympani

Question 18

Name the extracranial branches of the facial nerve (after it exits the stylomastoid foramen) before it enters the parotid gland;

Answer 18

Posterior auricular nerve, Nerve to digastric, Nerve to stylohyoid

Question 19

Name the branches of the facial nerve once it traverses through the parotid gland;

Answer 19

Terminal motor branches [Two Zebras Bit My Coccyx]- Temporal, Zygomatic, Buccal, Mandibular, Cervical