CSF (124-139)

Question 1

What are the parasymathetic ganglia in the head and neck region?;

Answer 1

Cillary ganglia (occulomotor CN III), Pterygopalatine ganglion (Facial CN VII), Submandibular ganglion (Facial CN VII), Otic ganglion (Glossopharyngeal CN IX).

Question 2

Where does the greater petrosal nerve arise from and what is its function;

Answer 2

It branches from the facial nerve (CN VII) to ultimately synapse in the pterygopalatine ganglion. Parasympathetic fibres to mucous glands and lacrimal gland.

Question 3

How is the nerve of the pterygoid canal (Vidian nerve) formed and what does it suply;

Answer 3

Union of two nerves at foramen lacerum- greater superifical petrosal nerve (parasympathetic) and deep petrosal nerve (sympathetic). Supplies the pterygopalatine ganglion (mucous and lacrimal gland).

Question 4

Where does the lesser petrosal nerve arise from and what is its function?;

Answer 4

Branch of the glossopharyneal nerve (CN IX). Synapses in the otic ganglion to supply parasympathetic control to the parotid gland.

Question 5

Where is te nucleus of the vagus nerve located?;

Answer 5

Medulla (CN 9-12)

Question 6

What are the functions of the superior and inferior salivatory nucleuses?;

Answer 6

Superior- submandibular and sublingual glands salavation.
Inferior- parotid gland salavation.

Question 7

What is solitary nucleus (nucleus of the solitary tract)?;

Answer 7

Sensory nuclei within brainstem that carry and reveive visceral sensation & taste from the facial (CN VII), glossopharyngeal (CN IX) and vagus (CN X) nerves.

Question 8

What is nucleus ambiguus?;

Answer 8

Group of motor neurons in brainstem (medulla) - neurons that innervate the muscles associated with speech and swallowing (muscles of soft palate, pharynx & larynx)

Question 9

From where is CSF produced?;

Answer 9

Choroid plexus (80%), Epithelial cells in ventricles (20%)

Question 10

How much CSF is produced per day?;

Answer 10

500 ml

Question 11

How much CSF is in the circulation at any given time?;

Answer 11

150 ml

Question 12

How does the CSF from the lateral ventricles reach the subarachnoid space?;

Answer 12

Lateral ventricle -> foramen of munro (interventricular foramen) -> 3rd ventricle -> cerebral aqueduct of sylvius -> 4th venticle -> Foramen of luschka/magendie -> central canal

Question 13

How is CSF reabsorbed?;

Answer 13

Archnoid granulations in superior sagittal sinus

Question 14

What are the types of hydrocephalus?;

Answer 14

Obstructive- tumour, mengitis, haemorrhage. Non-obstructive- normal pressure hydrocephalus, cogential, genetic

Question 15

What are the key biochemical difference between CSF and plasma?;

Answer 15

CSF- less glucose, lower K+ and Ca 2+, No cholesterol, fats or proteins, increased Mg2+ & chloride.
Plasma- less Mg2+ & cholride, increased K+, Ca 2+ and glucose. Same pH, Na and bicarbonate.

Question 16

What test would you use to detect CSF leak following a trauma?;

Answer 16

TAU protein -> beta 2 transferrin assay