Tobacco Flashcards
What is the #1 cause of death in America?
heart disease
What is the #1 cause of heart disease? Cancer? Stroke?
Tobacco
Life expectancy for smokers
73 years
if you quit before age 30, how many years could it ass to ur life?
10
How much do smokers spend on average in a year
$4500 - similar to a 2 person all inclusive
How did chrostopher columbus dicover tobacco?
Natives drank the smoke from tobbagos (rolled up tobacco leaves)
What was tobacco used for in kits in the past?
it was used to revive drowning victims - medicinal purpose (strong smell)
in the past how was tobacco consumed?
it was consumed as a social thing, taken in clubs
Why wasn’t it used as much in the past?
Harsh taste (acidic) and very expensive
What was the purpose of water pipes in eastern countries? and pipes/hookas today?
It removed the acid from the smoke
Why were cigarrets less common/ not used frequently?
hand made, harsh, and very expensive
What machine was made to roll cigarettes?
Bonsack machine - reduced production cost and led to more use from people - changed the ability of a person to inhale smoke
What technique was used to reduce the harshness of the smoke?
flue-curing
leaves were hung in the same barn, and then the barn was heated using a wood stove and the chimney would distribute the heat to cure the leaves in a couple of days instead of months, to speed up the demand from the rolling machines
this also reduced acidity and was less irritating
Equation for risk
Risk = toxicity X exposure
average smoker smoked 10,000 cigarettes each year (high exposure) - dose makes the poison
What was cigarette consumption like in the late 1800’s?
80/year
didn’t inhale
What is the addictive substance?
nicotine
how much nicotine is required to make an addict?
2mg/ cigarette
What is the first neurotransmitter that nicotine acts on to alter behaviour of a person?
Acetylcholine - nicotine interacts with its information system
it has the ability to bind with the receptors which triggers events and info gets transmitted
what two molecules interact to transmit information in our bodies?
messenger + receptor
messenger fits into the pocket of the receptor and the receptor changes shape which causes a message to be sent
nicotine is an acetylcholine —
agonist- activates neural pathways and acts as a stimulant at low doses
acetylcholine connects to the receptor and it changes shape
nicotine can mimic acetylcholine and take its place in the receptor which causes it to change and causes a different message to occur
at high doses nicotine acts as an —
antagonist - causes relaxation
bind to a receptor but it causes a wrong shape change, it blocks the chemical message from occurring
What is the reward chemical for nicotine?
Dopamine
example of smoking cue that adds to the addiction (psychological):
being used to having a cigarette with breakfast will lead to the action of lighting a cigarette
What is the lethal dose of nicotine?
60 mg (adult)
Toxic substances in tobacco smoke
carbon minoxide, polonium, combustion of by-products
carbon Minoxide
blocks oxygen transport, damages heart tissues, heart attacks kill more smokers than cancer does
it sticks to hemoglobin and requires several hours to remove, damages heart and blood vessels
nicotine stimulates heart muscle - increases HR = heart attack
combustion of by-products
subtances react chamically with DNA - causes damage and mutations
how long does it take for lungs to return back to normal after quitting?
10 years
how many cases of lung cancer were there in 1919? what about now?
400- mostly cause of working in chimneys
190,000 - smoking
when smokers quit what happens do their appetite?
they eat more to make up for the loss of dopamine= gain weight
what does smoking do to your skin?
causes wrinkles and ages it - damages collagen
is second hand smoke harmful?
yes, about 41.000 deaths/year
how has the cigarette been designed, why is it smart?
They want to make sure you get that 2mg, so they make sure the cigarette burns at the perfect rate - stays lit (TiO2) - thick area burns slow between puffs and thin areas burn fast when they inhale
reconstituted tobacco
made from tobacco, could be made with the whole tobacco plant, can blend tobacco and its easy to introduce additives ( flavour + burn rate)
filter
its a decoration, doesn’t do anything
how do the cigarettes deliver nicotine?
liquid (combustion makes acids which get converted into solids and burn away)-> gas -> inhaled into lungs ->
What changes the solid form of nicotine back into a liquid?
ammonia
light cigarette
have vent holes
just as dangerous - to get the 2mg people will draw more deeply, smoke more, cover the holes with the fingers or lips
Why did tobacco companies never lose a law suit?
they would drag on the trial for so long till the guy dies and the lawsuit goes away
in 1988 rose was successful against big tobacco
Florida has also sued them, a state doesn’t die
what did they add to the list of addiction that made tobacco “no addictive”?
intoxication
why is vaping a concern for younger people?
the addiction to nicotine and ability to switch to cigarettes
3 components to e-fluid
solvent: contains chemicals to produce the illusion of smoke and texture similar int he mouth - some create acrolein (carcinogen)
nicotine: 0-20mg = legal (60 is actual)
- poses a heart attack risk (acytlecholine agonist)
flavour: artificial food flavour
What flavour substance is known to be harmful to lungs
diacetyl (popcorn lung)
Nicotine salts
designed as a replacement - more addictive than cigarettes, no combustion
benzoic acid created salt which replaced nicotine in a Juul that would quickly put nicotine into the bloodstream - instead of normal e-cigarette which is slower
how many mg of nicotine in a Juul? how many cigarettes?
60mg = 30 cigarettes - more addictive + easy to overdose
is vaping safe? safer than cigarettes? how much safer?
no, yes, 95% (a guess)
does vaping cause people to be addicted to cigarettes?
no, doesn’t seem like it.
How can e-cigarettes be improved?
replace, remove the solvent
take away harmful flavors
add a software to control the dosing
two active ingredients in cannabis
THC and cannabidiol
What is THC used for?
to increase appetite - used to treat anorexia
impairs memory
slows reaction time - why u can’t drive
how long is THC’s residence time?
dissolves in body fat, can be detected 30 days
edibles
slower onset but longer duration
- easy to overdose + risk for children
edibles go slowly into the liver, quickly into the blood, but slowly in the brain
THC thickens the liquid it’s in, what happens:
if the bubble travels slow the liquid is thick - good quality
What was used to thicken the liquid?
Vitamine E: causes chemical pneumonia - prevents oxygen transportation
- difficult for the lungs to get rid of it
What psychological disorder can heavy use maybe lead to?
schizophrenia (18-25 yrs of age) - increases dopamine
what is a property of cannabidiol?
anti-psychotic activity - may be used as a treatment for schizophrenia
Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome
- severe abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, they treat themselves with heat - possibly due to the insane about of THC
what is delta 8 THC?
an attempt to have a legal version of cannabis since it is illegal in the US, they make D-8 cause D9 is illegal
- it is a synthetic cannabinoid
