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BPS 1101 > Tobacco > Flashcards

Tobacco Flashcards

1
Q

What is the #1 cause of death in America?

A

heart disease

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2
Q

What is the #1 cause of heart disease? Cancer? Stroke?

A

Tobacco

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3
Q

Life expectancy for smokers

A

73 years

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4
Q

if you quit before age 30, how many years could it ass to ur life?

A

10

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5
Q

How much do smokers spend on average in a year

A

$4500 - similar to a 2 person all inclusive

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6
Q

How did chrostopher columbus dicover tobacco?

A

Natives drank the smoke from tobbagos (rolled up tobacco leaves)

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7
Q

What was tobacco used for in kits in the past?

A

it was used to revive drowning victims - medicinal purpose (strong smell)

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8
Q

in the past how was tobacco consumed?

A

it was consumed as a social thing, taken in clubs

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9
Q

Why wasn’t it used as much in the past?

A

Harsh taste (acidic) and very expensive

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10
Q

What was the purpose of water pipes in eastern countries? and pipes/hookas today?

A

It removed the acid from the smoke

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11
Q

Why were cigarrets less common/ not used frequently?

A

hand made, harsh, and very expensive

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12
Q

What machine was made to roll cigarettes?

A

Bonsack machine - reduced production cost and led to more use from people - changed the ability of a person to inhale smoke

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13
Q

What technique was used to reduce the harshness of the smoke?

A

flue-curing
leaves were hung in the same barn, and then the barn was heated using a wood stove and the chimney would distribute the heat to cure the leaves in a couple of days instead of months, to speed up the demand from the rolling machines

this also reduced acidity and was less irritating

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14
Q

Equation for risk

A

Risk = toxicity X exposure

average smoker smoked 10,000 cigarettes each year (high exposure) - dose makes the poison

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15
Q

What was cigarette consumption like in the late 1800’s?

A

80/year
didn’t inhale

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16
Q

What is the addictive substance?

A

nicotine

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17
Q

how much nicotine is required to make an addict?

A

2mg/ cigarette

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18
Q

What is the first neurotransmitter that nicotine acts on to alter behaviour of a person?

A

Acetylcholine - nicotine interacts with its information system

it has the ability to bind with the receptors which triggers events and info gets transmitted

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19
Q

what two molecules interact to transmit information in our bodies?

A

messenger + receptor

messenger fits into the pocket of the receptor and the receptor changes shape which causes a message to be sent

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20
Q

nicotine is an acetylcholine —

A

agonist- activates neural pathways and acts as a stimulant at low doses

acetylcholine connects to the receptor and it changes shape

nicotine can mimic acetylcholine and take its place in the receptor which causes it to change and causes a different message to occur

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21
Q

at high doses nicotine acts as an —

A

antagonist - causes relaxation
bind to a receptor but it causes a wrong shape change, it blocks the chemical message from occurring

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22
Q

What is the reward chemical for nicotine?

A

Dopamine

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23
Q

example of smoking cue that adds to the addiction (psychological):

A

being used to having a cigarette with breakfast will lead to the action of lighting a cigarette

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24
Q

What is the lethal dose of nicotine?

A

60 mg (adult)

25
Q

Toxic substances in tobacco smoke

A

carbon minoxide, polonium, combustion of by-products

26
Q

carbon Minoxide

A

blocks oxygen transport, damages heart tissues, heart attacks kill more smokers than cancer does

it sticks to hemoglobin and requires several hours to remove, damages heart and blood vessels

nicotine stimulates heart muscle - increases HR = heart attack

27
Q

combustion of by-products

A

subtances react chamically with DNA - causes damage and mutations

28
Q

how long does it take for lungs to return back to normal after quitting?

A

10 years

29
Q

how many cases of lung cancer were there in 1919? what about now?

A

400- mostly cause of working in chimneys

190,000 - smoking

30
Q

when smokers quit what happens do their appetite?

A

they eat more to make up for the loss of dopamine= gain weight

31
Q

what does smoking do to your skin?

A

causes wrinkles and ages it - damages collagen

32
Q

is second hand smoke harmful?

A

yes, about 41.000 deaths/year

33
Q

how has the cigarette been designed, why is it smart?

A

They want to make sure you get that 2mg, so they make sure the cigarette burns at the perfect rate - stays lit (TiO2) - thick area burns slow between puffs and thin areas burn fast when they inhale

34
Q

reconstituted tobacco

A

made from tobacco, could be made with the whole tobacco plant, can blend tobacco and its easy to introduce additives ( flavour + burn rate)

35
Q

filter

A

its a decoration, doesn’t do anything

36
Q

how do the cigarettes deliver nicotine?

A

liquid (combustion makes acids which get converted into solids and burn away)-> gas -> inhaled into lungs ->

37
Q

What changes the solid form of nicotine back into a liquid?

A

ammonia

38
Q

light cigarette

A

have vent holes

just as dangerous - to get the 2mg people will draw more deeply, smoke more, cover the holes with the fingers or lips

39
Q

Why did tobacco companies never lose a law suit?

A

they would drag on the trial for so long till the guy dies and the lawsuit goes away

in 1988 rose was successful against big tobacco

Florida has also sued them, a state doesn’t die

40
Q

what did they add to the list of addiction that made tobacco “no addictive”?

A

intoxication

41
Q

why is vaping a concern for younger people?

A

the addiction to nicotine and ability to switch to cigarettes

42
Q

3 components to e-fluid

A

solvent: contains chemicals to produce the illusion of smoke and texture similar int he mouth - some create acrolein (carcinogen)

nicotine: 0-20mg = legal (60 is actual)
- poses a heart attack risk (acytlecholine agonist)

flavour: artificial food flavour

43
Q

What flavour substance is known to be harmful to lungs

A

diacetyl (popcorn lung)

44
Q

Nicotine salts

A

designed as a replacement - more addictive than cigarettes, no combustion

benzoic acid created salt which replaced nicotine in a Juul that would quickly put nicotine into the bloodstream - instead of normal e-cigarette which is slower

45
Q

how many mg of nicotine in a Juul? how many cigarettes?

A

60mg = 30 cigarettes - more addictive + easy to overdose

45
Q

is vaping safe? safer than cigarettes? how much safer?

A

no, yes, 95% (a guess)

46
Q

does vaping cause people to be addicted to cigarettes?

A

no, doesn’t seem like it.

47
Q

How can e-cigarettes be improved?

A

replace, remove the solvent
take away harmful flavors
add a software to control the dosing

48
Q

two active ingredients in cannabis

A

THC and cannabidiol

49
Q

What is THC used for?

A

to increase appetite - used to treat anorexia

impairs memory

slows reaction time - why u can’t drive

50
Q

how long is THC’s residence time?

A

dissolves in body fat, can be detected 30 days

51
Q

edibles

A

slower onset but longer duration
- easy to overdose + risk for children

edibles go slowly into the liver, quickly into the blood, but slowly in the brain

52
Q

THC thickens the liquid it’s in, what happens:

A

if the bubble travels slow the liquid is thick - good quality

53
Q

What was used to thicken the liquid?

A

Vitamine E: causes chemical pneumonia - prevents oxygen transportation
- difficult for the lungs to get rid of it

54
Q

What psychological disorder can heavy use maybe lead to?

A

schizophrenia (18-25 yrs of age) - increases dopamine

55
Q

what is a property of cannabidiol?

A

anti-psychotic activity - may be used as a treatment for schizophrenia

56
Q

Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome

A
  • severe abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, they treat themselves with heat - possibly due to the insane about of THC
57
Q

what is delta 8 THC?

A

an attempt to have a legal version of cannabis since it is illegal in the US, they make D-8 cause D9 is illegal
- it is a synthetic cannabinoid

BPS 1101 (14 decks)

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