Antibiotics Flashcards
What is miasma?
The through that bad smells and being unclean causes disease
What was the main cause of death in WW1 and WW2?
infections > combat
What did John Snow find through his map of infected people?
That everyone using the same water pump were getting sick, it was over a cesspit, they removed the handle but the people of the town put it back and caused another outbreak
pasteurization 1864
Heating milk and cooling it back down to get rid of bacteria in milk
Lister
antisepsis - reduces infection during surgery
Paul Erlich - Magic Bullet
a drug that gives you a substance that targets the perfect area
HE noticed that trypan Red selectively colors trypanosomes and not the blood
the structure of the red dye has 2 N’s - AS is similar to N but more poisonous
replacing N’s with AS made an antibiotic Salvarsan 606
Salvarsan 606 - treated? drug like?
treated syphilis but not drug like
required many moths, many injections and large volumes, high toxicity
Gerhard 1932 - Prontosil
tested in his daughter who had a throat infection, only worked in vivo
What does Prontosil only work in vivo?
It’s a prodrug - converts into sulfanilamide through metabolism
How does prontosil work?
It blocks an enzyme by mimicking a similar molecule, it gets hammed in the pocket and blocks the function of the enzyme
What did Alexander Flemming discover?
Penicillin but he didn’t know it yet
What did Flemming see?
he notices that mold prevented bacteria growth, and the mold was selective, only killed a certain type of bacteria
he publishes a paper in 1929 but didn’t understand what he found
- he didn’t think to test this in animals, he was an artist not a drug creator
What did Florey and Chain do?
They isolated penicillin.
They read Flemmings paper and contacted him
Mold factory:
100kg of the mold that grew on milk = 1g of penecillin
how did Florey and chain test the penicillin in animals?
on mice, the mice that got the treatment recovered, the other ones died
police officer suffered an infection and swelling went down after injected with penicillin
What helps penicillin grow?
oxygen, so they used tanks to inject oxygen into
Why did they make Peoria the penicillin capital?
because they make a lot of beer and beer machines were useful in making penicillin
what did they prioritize penicillin for before providing to the public?
D-day, solidiers
How does penicillin work?
bacteria cells have a bacteria cell wall which rebuilds during cell division, but penicillin stops that, the internal pressure of the cell then explodes
it destroys the enzyme that makes the cell walls with a beta-lactam ring
what do we create with the semi-synthesis of penicillin?
amoxycillin
what is a side effect of penicillin?
allergies, sometimes the proteins in our bodies have a group on it in the wrong place which makes it react differently to other proteins
antibiotic resistance
bacteria may become resistant to the meds, so we need to create new ones
what can contribute to resistance?
over-prescription
prophylactic use
patient compliance - user error
What is the reason for instructions?
cause the dose make the drug
“take pill every 4 hours” if you miss it there is time in between for the bacteria to keep growing, must kill ALL bacteria
Nosocomaial infections
found in hospital, most dangerous, can’t be treated
necrotizing fasciitis
eats you alive
staphylococcus aureus
common, 20-30 M cases each year
cut u open and scoop it out, may need amputation
Clostridium difficil
caused by poop, about 1M every year
